American Museum of Natural History Logo link: Congo Expedition Main Page

Introduction

Readings

Galleries

Advanced Search

Additional Resources

Return to Bibliography index

Congo bibliography: Conservation

  1. Appel d'offres Plateau des Bateke. 1986? Zaire: s.n.
  2. Essences forestières tropicales. 195. France?: s.n.
  3. Inter-African Forestry Conference: Conférence interafricaine forestière, 2e session (juillet 1958) Communications présentées par le Congo et le Ruanda-Urundi. 196-. Bruxelles: Impr. C. Denis.
  4. SITUATION EPIZOOTIQUE DANS LA REPUBLIQUE POPULAIRE DU CONGO DE 1972 A 1975: EPIZOOTIC SITUATION IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO FROM 1972 TO 1975BULL OFF INT EPIZOOT: 83 (9/10): 835-842, SEPT/OCT 1975.
  5. Acreman, M. C, G. E Hollis, IUCN Wetlands Programme, and International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 1996. Water management and wetlands in sub-Saharan Africa. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
  6. Adisu, Melkamu, Peter Croll, Joseph Z. Z Matowanyika, IUCN Regional Office for Southern Africa, IUCN Regional Office for Southern Africa, and Regional Social Policy Service. 1995. Human and social imperatives for environmental and resource management in southern Africa proceedings of round table conference, held at Kwa Maritane Camp, Pilanesberg National Park, Northwest Province, South Africa, 14-18 August 1994. Harare, Zimbabwe: IUCN, Regional Office for Southern Africa.
  7. Andreae, M. O, G Helas, J Rudolph, B Cros, R Delmas, D Nganga, and J Fontan. 1990. Ozone production from biomass burning in tropical Africa. Results from DECAFE-88. Ecological Studies : Analysis and Synthesis 84: 437-39.
  8. Aribeb, Karl, IUCN Regional Office for Southern Africa, IUCN Regional Office for Southern Africa, and Regional Institutional Development Programme. 1996. Managing communal resources in Namibia theory and practice : report of a training course for natural resource managers in Namibia : held at the Rossing Foundation Adult Education Centre in Windhoek, Namibia, 23 September-10 October 1996. Belgravia, Harare, Zimbabwe: IUCN, Regional Office for Southern Africa.
  9. Assink, H. Report on the fourth meeting of Congo peafowl members: Wpa News No. 34 1991: 7-8, Illustr.
  10. Atalia, M. Strategies for the conservation of rhino in Zaire: Ryder, O.a. [Ed.]. Rhinoceros Biology and Conservation. Proceedings of an International Conference, May 9-11, 1991, San Diego, California, Usa. Zoological Society of San Diego, San Diego. 1993: I-V, 1-368. Chapter Pagination: 178-182, Illustr.
  11. Atlers, M., A. Blom, C. Sikubwabo Kiyengo, T. Masunda, and R. Barnes. Preliminary assessment of the status of the forest elephant in Zaire: African Journal of Ecology 30(4), December 1992: 279-291, Illustr.
  12. Attwater, M., H. Hudson, and S. Blake. Projet de protection de gorilles, Brazzaville, 1991: Gorilla Conservation News 6, August 1992: 6-7.
  13. Aveling, C., and R. Aveling. Gorilla conservation in Zaire: Oryx 23(4) 1989: 64-70, Illustr.
  14. Aveling, C., and A. Harcourt H. A census of the Virunga gorillas: Oryx 18(1) 1984: 8-13, Illustr.
  15. Aveling, R., and C. Aveling. Report from the Zaire Gorilla Conservation Project: Primate Conservation No. 8 1987: 162-164, Illustr.
  16. Bächli, Gerhard Anton, Gaston-François de Witte, Fondation pour favoriser les recherches scientifiques en Afrique (Belgium), and Institut national congolais pour la conservation de la nature. 1971. Leucophenga und Paraleucophenga (Diptera Brachycera) Fam. Drosophilidae. Exploration Du Parc National De L'Upemba; Mission G.F. De Witte, fasc. 71. Bruxelles: n.p.
  17. Barnes, R. Recent elephant surveys in the central African forests: Asian Elephant Specialist Group. Iucn-Species Survival Commission: Asian Elephant Specialist Group Meeting. Bogor, Indonesia, 20-22 May, 1992. Proceedings. Asian Elephant Conservation Centre, Bangalore. 1992: 1-98. Chapter Pagination: 81-84, Illustr.
  18. Behra, O. Sex ratio of African dwarf crocodiles (Osteolaemus tetraspis Cope, 1861) exploited for food in Congo: Crocodile Specialist Group. Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of Iucn - the World Conservation Union Convened at Gainesville, Florida, U.s.a., 23 to 27 April 1990. Volume 1. Iucn - the World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. 1990: I-Xvi, 1-354. Chapter Pagination: 3-5.
  19. Bihini won wa Musit, Germain Mankoto ma Oyisenzoo, and Georg Dörken. 1997. Le Parc National de Kahuzi Biega future réserve de biosphère République Démocratique du Congo. Documents De Travail / Programme De Coopération Sud-Sud Pour Un Développement Socio-Économique Respectueux De L'Environnement Dans Les Tropiques Humides: Working Papers (South-South Cooperation Programme on Environmentally Sound Socio-Economic Development in the Humid Tropics), no. 20. Paris: Programme de coopération sud-sud pour un développement socio-économique respectueux de l'environnement dans les tropiques humides.
  20. Blockhus, Jill M, and IUCN Forest Conservation Programme. 1992. Conserving biological diversity in managed tropical forests. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/ITTO.
  21. Bowen-Jones, E., and S. Pendry. 1999. The Threat to Primates and Other Mammals From the Bushmeat Trade in Africa, and How This Threat Could Be Diminished. Oryx 33, no. 3: 233-46.
    Abstract: The threat that the bushmeat trade presents to primates and other taxa was assessed from the literature, including data from markets, village hunting studies and logging concessions in Central and West Africa. In many cases the numbers of both common and protected species of primate being killed throughout the region are thought to be unsustainable. This is also the case for other taxa involved in the bushmeat trade, which crosses geographic, cultural and economic boundaries. A suite of measures must be considered to mitigate the effects of this trade, and these measures will have to recognize the local, regional and national socio-economic importance of the trade if they are to result in long-term conservation success.
  22. Brahmachary, R L. Seed dispersal through the elephant: Daniel, J.c. & Datye, Hemant S. [Eds]. A Week With Elephants: Proceedings of the International Seminar on the Conservation of Asian Elephant, (June 1993). Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York Etc. 1995: I-Vii, 1-535, Viii-Xi. Chapter Pagination: 389-393.
  23. Brooks, Daniel M, Richard E Bodmer, Sharon Matola, and IUCN/SSC Tapir Specialist Group. 1997. Tapirs status survey and conservation action plan. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
  24. Brosset, A. 1997. Bird Communities of Eucalyptus Stands Around Pointe Noire, Congo. Revue D Ecologie-La Terre Et La Vie 52, no. 2: 133-51.
    Abstract: This study is an attempt to test the hypothesis that forest plantations would catalyze the regeneration of natural forest birds communities. In December 1995, in the vicinity of Pointe Noire, Congo, the bird communities were censused in 5 experimental plots of eucalyptus, 1 of acacias, 1 of pines, The species number varied in the eucalyptus plantations from 4 to 35; it was 44 in the acacias and 0 in the pines, The eucalyptus were populated by widespread and opportunistic species, the African forest endemics being absent. Seven palearctic migrants, two being common, were observed in the plots.Seven guilds, characterized by their feeding habits, are described, The specific richness of the avifauna increased with the fragmentation of the plots, the presence of an undergrowth being the key factor of the presence of a rich and diversified bird community in the plantations, The number of bird species censused in each eucalyptus plot was narrowly correlated with the number of understorey plant-species censused in the same plot,Comparisons with drier countries suggest that a humid climate reduces the competition for water in the soil and the allelopathic effects peculiar to the eucalyptus, In Congo, the rain pattern permits the spreading out of an undergrowth sufficient to sustain diversified vertebrates communities,The practise of systematically destroying the undergrowth by the sylviculturists is questionable, both for the economical benefits and for the conservation of the local species, plants and animals.
  25. Butynski, Thomas M, Upoki Agenonga, Bagurubumwe Ndera, and J Hart. Rediscovery of the Congo Bay (Itombwe) owl Phodilus prigoginei: Bulletin of the African Bird Club 4(1), March, 1997: 32-35, Illustr.
  26. Carpaneto, G. M. Occurrence of black colobus Colobus satanas in northwestern Congo: African Primates 1(2), December 1995: 42-44, Illustr.
  27. Chapman, Joseph A, John E. C Flux, and IUCN/SSC Lagomorph Specialist Group. 1990. Rabbits, hares and pikas status survey and conservation action plan. Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.
  28. Chenje, Munyaradzi, Phyllis Johnson, Southern African Development Community, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Southern African Research and Documentation Centre, SADC Environment and Land Management Sector, Coordination Unit, IUCN Regional Office for Southern Africa, and Communicating the Environment Programme. 1996. Water in southern Africa. Maseru, Lesotho, Harare, Zimbabwe: SADC, Environment and Land Management Sector Coordination Unit. IUCN, Regional Office for Southern Africa. SARDC.
  29. Chenje, Munyaradzi, Ida T Sibaya, Southern African Research and Documentation Centre, IUCN Regional Office for Southern Africa, and International Environmental and Natural Resource Assessment Information Service Project. 1996-. Directory of environmental information & organisations in southern Africa. Harare, Zimbabwe: IUCN Regional Office for Southern Africa. Southern African Research and Documentation Centre.
  30. Christoffersen, Nils, Bruce Campbell, Rohan Du Toit, and IUCN Regional Office for Southern Africa. 1998. Pan-African Symposium on the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources and Community Participation: Communities and sustainable use pan-African perspectives : proceedings of the Pan-African Symposium on the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources and Community Participation, Harare, Zimbabwe, June 1996. Harare, Zimbabwe, Cambridge, U.K: IUCN, Regional Office for Southern Africa. IUCN Publications Service Unit distributor.
  31. Colyn, M. 1991. Zoogeographical importance of the Zaire River basin for speciation: L'importance zoogeographique du bassin du fleuve Zaire pour la speciation: le cas des primates simiens. Annalen. Zoologische Wetenschappen =: Annales. Sciences Zoologiques ; V. 264: Annalen. Zoologische Wetenschappen ; V. 264. Tervuren, Belgie: Koninklijk Museum voor Midden-Afrika.
  32. Colyn, M., M. Dethier, P. Ngegueu, O. Perpete, and H. Van Rompaey. First observations of Crossarchus platycephalus (Goldman, 1984) in the Zaire/Congo system (Dja River, southeastern Cameroon): Small Carnivore Conservation 12, April 1995: 10-11, Illustr.
  33. Colyn, M., A. M. Dudu, and M. Mankoto ma Mbaelele. Donnees sur l'exploitation du 'petit et moyen gibier' des forets ombrophiles du Zaire: International Foundation for the Conservation of Game. Wildlife Management in Sub-Saharan Africa: Sustainable Economic Benefits and Contribution Towards Rural Development. I.g.f. (Fondation Internationale Pour La Sauvegarde Du Gibier), Paris. [Undated]: I-Xviii, 1-727. Chapter Pagination: 109-145, Illustr.
  34. Communicating the Environment Programme, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Southern African Research and Documentation Centre, Panos Institute, and IUCN Regional Office for Southern Africa. 1994. Final progress report for the Communicating the Environment Programme, IUCN, SARDC, PANOS October 1993-April 1994. Harare: The Office.
  35. Crafter, S. A, J Awimbo, A. J Broekhoven, and IUCN Forest Conservation Programme. 1997. Non-timber forest products value, use and management issues in Africa, including examples from Latin America. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
  36. Cumming, D. H. M, Rohan Du Toit, IUCN/SSC African Elephant and Rhino Specialist Group, and S. N. Stuart. 1990. African elephants and rhinos : status survey and conservation action plan. IUCN/SSC Action Plans for the Conservation of Biological Diversity, [10]. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
  37. Cumming, D. H. M, Peter Jackson, IUCN/SSC African Elephant Specialist Group, and IUCN/SSC African Rhino Specialist Group. 1984. The Status and conservation of Africa's elephants and rhinos proceedings of the joint meeting of IUCN/SSC African Elephant and African Rhino Specialist Groups at Hwange Safari Lodge, Zimbabwe, 30 July-7 August, 1981. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN Publications Services.
  38. Curry-Lindahl, Kai. 1981. Bird migration in Africa movements between six continents. London, New York: Academic Press.
  39. ———. 1976. Comprehensive planning of natural resources present situation and factors to consider. Discussion Paper - Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi: Discussion Paper (University of Nairobi. Institute for Development Studies), no. 240. Nairobi: Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi.
  40. ———. 1972. Conservation for survival an ecological strategy. London: Gollancz.
  41. ———. 1961. Contribution à l'étude des vertébrés terrestres en Afrique tropicale. Institut Des Parcs Nationaux Du Congo Et Du Ruanda-Urundi. Exploration Du Parc National Albert Et Du Parc National De La Kagera. II. Mission K. Curry-Lindahl (1951-1952, 1958-1959): Institut Des Parcs Nationaux Du Congo Et Du Rwanda. Exploration Du Parc National Albert Et Du Parc National De La Kagera. II Mission K. Curry-Lindahl (1951-1952, 1958-1959), fasc. 1. Bruxelles.
  42. ———. 1956-. Ecological studies on mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians in the Eastern Belgian Congo. Annalen Du Musée Royal Du Congo Belge Tervuren (Belgique). Série in 8o. Sciences Zoologiques, V.42: Annalen, v. 42. Tervuren: s.n.
  43. ———. 1957. Fiskarna i färg. 3. uppl ed. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.
  44. ———. 1968. Fjäll och savann Natur och naturvård världen runt. Stockholm: Natur och kultur.
  45. ———. 1961? Flyttfåglarnas tropiska vinterhem nordiskt fågelliv i Kongo. Stockholm: Folket i bilds.
  46. ———. 1974. The global role of national parks for the world of tomorrow. The Horace M. Albright Conservation Lectureship, 14. Berkeley: University of California School of Forestry and Conservation.
  47. ———. 1972. Let them live a worldwide survey of animals threatened with extinction. New York: Morrow.
  48. ———. 1971. A short-term ecological survey of Lake Nakuru and the surrounding area. Kenya?: Unesco/Kenya?
  49. ———. Thermal ecology of the tree agama (Agama atricollis) in Zaire with a review of heat tolerance in reptiles: Journal of Zoology (London) 188(2) 1979: 185-220, Illustr.
  50. ———. 1981. Wildlife of the prairies and plains. New York: H. N. Abrams.
  51. Curry-Lindahl, Kai, and Michel Cuisin. 1980. Les Oiseaux migrateurs à travers mer et terre. Neuchâtel, Paris: Delachaux et Niestlé.
  52. Curry-Lindahl, Kai, and Paul Duvigneaud. 1974. Regional Seminar on Ecological Methodology and Conservation in Tropical Africa: Regional seminar on Ecological Methodology and Conservation in Tropical Africa, held in Nairobi, Kenya, 6-10 December 1971 report of the co-directors Kai Curry-Lindahl and P. Duvigneaud. Nairobi: Unesco Field Science Office for Africa.
  53. Curry-Lindahl, Kai, and Foundation for Ecological Development Alternatives. 1983. Development assistance with responsibility environment and development in developing countries. 2d ed ed. Ecoscript, 17. Zandvoort, The Netherlands: Stichting Mondiaal Alternatief.
  54. Curry-Lindahl, Kai, Jean Paul Harroy, and International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 1972. National parks of the world. A Golden Field Guide: Golden Field Guide Series. New York: Golden Press.
  55. Curry-Lindahl, Kai, and Stichting Mondiaal Alternatief. 1986. Ecological requirements of herons, storks and ibises (Ciconiiformes) and resulting conservation problems. Ecoscript, 34. Zandvoort: Foundation for Ecological Development Alternatives.
  56. Davey, Adrian G, IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas, and University College, Cardiff. 1998. National system planning for protected areas. Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series, no. 1. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN--the World Conservation Union.
  57. Delevoy, Gaston. 1948? Notes de sylviculture katanguienne. Publications Du Comité Spécial Du Katanga. Bruxelles: Office de publicité.
  58. Delevoy, Gaston, and Comité spécial du Katanga. 1928-1929. La question forestière au Katanga (Congo Belge). Bruxelles: Office de publicité, J. Lebègue & cie.
  59. Dennler de la Tour, Georges. 1955. Pescadores negros entre Chad y Congo. Edición de autor ed. Buenos Aires: Federación Argentina de Entidades Deportivas de Pesca.
  60. Devroey, Égide J. 1948. Observations hydrographiques du bassin congolais (1932-1947). Institut Royal Colonial Belge. Section Des Sciences Techniques. Mémoires. Collection in-8^, T. 5, Fasc. 1. Bruxelles: G. van Campenhout.
  61. Dormont, Marcel. 1970. Pêche maritime au Congo possibilités de développement. Recherches Africaines, 10. Paris: Mouton.
  62. Dossenbach, H. D. Die milden Wilden: Kosmos (Stuttgart) 81(10) 1985: 38-47, Illustr.
  63. Doumenge, Charles. 1998. Forest Diversity, Distribution, and Dynamique in the Itombwe Mountains, South-Kivu, Congo Democratic Republic. Mountain Research and Development 18, no. 3: 249-64.
    Abstract: The diversity and extent of forest in the Itombwe Mountains, eastern Congo Democratic Republic (formerly Zaire), are among the most significance in continental Africa. Despite some human impact, this area still harbors a wide range of vegetation types, including forests and grasslands, drylands and wetlands, and mid-altitude to upper-montane habitats. Forests extend from mid-altitude through sub-montane and montane to alpine zones. These first results provide a general description of the Itombwe Mountains as a basis for more detailed investigations. Certain priorities in conservation-development actions are suggested, based mainly on tree species knowledge; this information could influence further decision-making processes and management guidelines for the conservation and sustainable use of Itombwe's natural resources.
  64. Doumenge, Charles, and IUCN Forest Conservation Programme. 1992. La Réserve de Conkouati, Congo le secteur sud-ouest. Bibliothèque De La Conservation De L'UICN: IUCN Conservation Library. Gland, Suisse: Union mondiale pour la nature.
  65. Doumenge, Charles, and IUCN Tropical Forest Programme. 1990. La conservation des ecosystèmes forestiers du Zaïre. Bibliothèque De La Conservation De L'UICN: The IUCN Conservation Library. Gland, Switzerland, Cambridge: IUCN.
  66. Dowsett Lemaire, Francoise, and R. Dowsett. Enquete faunistique dans la foret du Mayombe (Dimonika): itineraire, resultats et recommendations: Cahiers D'ethologie Appliquee 9(3) 1989: 411-415, Illustr.
  67. Dowsett, R. Les lois gerant la conservation de la nature au Congo: critiques et recommandations: Tauraco Research Report No. 4 1991: 323-334, Illustr.
  68. ———. Suggestions for a conservation plan for Odzala National Park, Congo.: Tauraco Research Report 6, 1997: 103-110, Illustr.
  69. Dowsett, R., and Francoise Dowsett Lemaire, [Eds]. 1991. Flore et faune du bassin du Kouilou (Congo) et leur exploitation. Tauraco Research Report, No. 4. Jupille-Liège, Belgique: Tauraco Press en association avec Conoco.
  70. East, Rod. Antelope Survey Update. Republic of Congo: Iucn-Ssc Antelope Specialist Group Report 6, September, 1997: 3-21, Illustr.
  71. ———. Antelope survey update. Zaire: Iucn-Ssc Antelope Specialist Group Report 3, December, 1996: 41-55, Illustr.
  72. Ekoko, Francois E, and Institute of Advanced Studies. 1996. Poverty and deforestation towards an alternative framework for analysing the link between poverty and deforestation. UNU/IAS Working Paper, no. 18. Tokyo, Japan: The United Nations University, Institute of Advanced Studies.
  73. Fakir, Saliem, IUCN Regional Office for Southern Africa, NETCAB (Organization), United States Agency for International Development, South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Land and Agriculture Policy Centre (South Africa), IUCN Regional Office for Southern Africa, and Regional Institutional Development Programme. 1996. Economics, Policy & Natural Resource Management Southern Africa Workshop: The Economics, Policy & Natural Resource Management Southern Africa Workshop held at Pretoria Hof Hotel, Pretoria, South Africa, September 11 to 13, 1996. Belgravia, Harare, Zimbabwe: IUCN, Regional Office for Southern Africa.
  74. Fay, J., and M. Agnagna. Census of gorillas in northern Republic of Congo: American Journal of Primatology 27(4) 1992: 275-284, Illustr.
  75. Fossey, D. Reproduction among free-living mountain gorillas: American Journal of Primatology Supplement No. 1 1982: 97-104.
  76. Fouarge, Joseph. 1950. Appropriation des bois congolais aux besoins de la métrople. Institut National Pour L'Étude Agronomique Du Congo: Publications De L'Institut National Pour L'Étude Agronomique Du Congo, no. 38. Bruxelles: Hayez.
  77. Frechkop, Serge. 1936. Mammifères & oiseaux protégés au Congo belge. Bruxelles: M. Hayez, imprimeur.
  78. Frechkop, Serge, and Belgian Congo. 1941. Animaux protégés au Congo belge et dans le territoire sous mandat du Ruanda-Urundi ainsi que le espèces dont la protection est assurée en Afrique (y compris Madagascar) par la Convention internationale de Londres du 8 novembre 1933 pour la protection de la faune et de la flore africaines avec la législation concernant la chasse, la pêche, la protection de la nature et les parcs nationaux au Congo belge et dans le territoire sous mandat du Ruanda-Urundi. Bruxelles: Institut des parcs nationaux du Congo belge.
  79. ———. 1953. Animaux protégés au Congo belge et dans le territoire sous mandat du Ruanda-Urundi ainsi que les espèces dont la protection est assurée en Afrique (y compris Madagascar) par la Convention internationale de Londres du 8 novembre 1933 pour la protection de la faune et de la flore africaines avec la législation concernant la chasse, la pêche, la protection de la nature et les parcs nationaux au Congo belge et dans le territoire sous mandat du Ruanda-Urundi. 4. éd ed. Bruxelles: Institut des parcs nationaux du Congo belge.
  80. Frechkop, Serge, and Belgian Congo. 1947. Animaux protégés au Congo belge et dans le territoire sous mandat du Ruanda-Urundi avec la législation concernant la chasse, la pêche, la protection de la nature et les parcs nationaux au Congo belge et dans le territoire sous mandat du Ruandi [sic]-Urundi. Version condensée de l'éd. de 1941 rev. et mise à jour par H. de Saeger. Introd. de V. van Straelen ed. Bruxelles: Institut des parcs nationaux du Congo belge.
  81. Furley, C. The gorilla rescue project, Brazzaville, Congo: Izn (International Zoo News) 43(5) No 270, July-August 1996: 299-300.
  82. Furuichi, Takeshi. The prolonged estrus of females and factors influencing mating in a wild group of bonobos (Pan paniscus) in Wamba, Zaire: Itoigawa, N., Sugiyama, Y., Sackett, G.p. & Thompson, R.k.r. [Eds]. Topics in Primatology. Volume 2. Behavior, Ecology and Conservation. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo. 1992: I-Ix, 1-412. Chapter Pagination: 179-190, Illustr.
  83. Gardiner, T P. Peafowl: their conservation, breeding and management: World Pheasant Association, Reading. 1996: I-Xv, 1-87, Illustr.
  84. Geiger, Theodore. 1965. Agrifor and U.S. Plywood in the Congo. Case Study in an NPA Series on Business Performance Abroad. Washington: National Planning Association.
  85. Glatston, A. R, and IUCN/SSC Mustelid, Viverrid & Procyonid Specialist Group. 1994. The red panda, olingos, coatis, raccoons, and their relatives status survey and conservation action plan for procyonids and ailurids. IUCN/SSC Action Plans for the Conservation of Biological Diversity. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
  86. Glowka, Lyle, Franoise Burhenne-Guilmin, Hugh Synge, IUCN Environmental Law Centre, and IUCN Biodiversity Programme. 1994. A guide to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Environmental Policy and Law Paper: IUCN Environmental Policy and Law Paper, no. 30. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN--the World Conservation Union.
  87. Glowka, Lyle, Clare Shine, Global Biodiversity Strategy, IUCN Environmental Law Centre, and International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 1998. A guide to undertaking biodiversity legal and institutional profiles. Environmental Policy and Law Paper, no. 35. Gland, Cambridge: IUCN.
  88. Goffin, Alfred. 1909. Les pêcheries et les poissons du Congo. Bruxelles: Impr. V. Verteneuil et L. Desmet.
  89. Gonzalez-Kirchner, J. P. 1997. Census of Western Lowland Gorilla Population in Rio Muni Region, Equatorial Guinea. Folia Zoologica 46, no. 1: 15-22.
    Abstract: Gorillas are one of the most vulnerable primates in the world. There are few areas in the African continent where this species survives, and West African coast areas around the Biafra gulf are one of these. A census was made of gorilla populations throughout the Rio Muni region in Equatorial Guinea between July 1989 and December 1990. The aim of the census was to estimate the total numbers of this species in relation with its distribution on Rio Muni region. The method was based on nest counts along strip transects which allowed the calculation of population densities of nesting adult individuals. A total of 385 km of transects was sampled in areas inhabited by gorillas. The overall density calculated for transects in Rio Muni was 0.45 nesting gorilas/km(2). The highest densities were found in the Rio Campo area (0.71 ng/km(2)) of northwestern Rio Muni, and in the Nsork area (0.65 ng/km(2)) of southeastern Rio Muni. The vegetation type where nest groups were predominantly found was heliofilic forest. The average densities of the gorilla population found in Rio Muni were similar to those found in neighbouring Gabon and Congo. The estimated size of the gorilla population in Rio Muni stands between 1000 and 2000 individuals.
  90. Goodall, A. G. On habitat and home range in eastern gorillas in relation to conservation: Chivers, D.j. & Lane-Petter, W. [Eds] Recent Advances in Primatology. Volume Two. Conservation. Academic Press, London, New York & San Francisco 1978: V-Xiii, 3-312. Chapter Pagination: 81-83.
  91. Goodall, Alan, and World Wildlife Fund. 1980. Pilot survey for conservation management of eastern gorillas in Zaire. WWF. Gland, Switzerland: WWF.
  92. Goodson, Jeffrey W, USAID/Zaire, United States, and Regional Economic Development Services Office, West Africa. 1988. Conservation and management of tropical forests and biological diversity in Zaire. Kinshasa: USAID/Zaire.
  93. Goorts, P, Liege, Université, and Foundation pour les recherches scientifiques au congo belge et au Ruanda-Urundi. 1961. Les aspects biologiques, humains et économiques de la pêche dans le Lac de Barrage de la Lufira (Katanga). Liège: Editions F.U.L.R.E.A.C., Université de Liège.
  94. Graham, L. Progress in creation of the Nouabale-Ndoki Reserve in Congo: Gorilla Conservation News 6, August 1992: 5.
  95. Gubista, Kathryn R. 1999. Small Mammals of the Ituri Forest, Zaire: Diversity and Abundance in Ecologically Distinct Habitats. Journal of Mammalogy 80, no. 1: 252-62.
    Abstract: Small-mammal diversity and abundance were examined in two primary forests (mixed and mbau forests) and two disturbed habitats (secondary forest and village fields) in the Ituri Forest of Zaire (Democratic Republic of Congo). Small-mammal species observed were Deomys ferrugineus, Hybomys univittatus, Hylomyscus stella, Lophuromys flavopunctatus, Malacomys longipes, Mns minutoides, Oenomys hypoxanthus, and Praomys jacksoni. Secondary forest was the most species-rid of the four habitats examined. Mixed forest exhibited significantly higher species diversity of small mammals than mbau forest. The difference in the composition of small mammals reflected the difference in the composition of tree species between species-rich (mixed and secondary) forests and the species-poor (mbau) forest. Small mammals in village fields were not true forest species but typically were found in a wide variety of habitats. This study provides a benchmark of the ecology of small mammals in the Ituri Forest of Zaire prior to increased human disturbance.
  96. Hagsater, Eric, Vinciane Dumont, Alec M Pridgeon, and IUCN/SSC Orchid Specialist Group. 1996. Orchids status survey and conservation action plan. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
  97. Hall, Jefferson S. Recensement de gorilles dans le parc national du Kahuzi-Biega au Zaire: African Primates 1(1), July 1995: 10-12.
  98. Hall, Jefferson S, Bila Isia Inogwabini, Elizabeth A Williamson, Ilambu Omari, Claude Sikubwabo, and Lee J T White. A survey of elephants (Loxodonta africana) in the Kahuzi-Biega National Park lowland sector and adjacent forest in eastern Zaire: African Journal of Ecology 35(3), September, 1997: 213-223, Illustr.
  99. Hall, Jefferson S, Kristin Saltonstall, Bila Isia Inogwabini, and Ilambu Omari. 1998. Distribution, Abundance and Conservation Status of Grauer's Gorilla. Oryx 32, no. 2: 122-30.
    Abstract: This report updates the distribution and provides abundance estimates for Grauer's gorilla Gorilla gorilla graueri across its 90,000-sq-km range. The authors divide the range of Grauer's gorilla into four regions within which they identify 11 populations and estimate a total of c. 16,900 individuals. Gorillas found in the Kahuzi-Biega lowland-Kasese represent 86 per cent of the subspecies's total population. Further, approximately 67 per cent of known Grauer's gorillas inhabit Kahuzi-Biega, Maiko and Virunga National Parks. The eastern region of the Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire) has an extremely high human population growth rate indicating that deforestation and wildlife use trends will continue to increase. Thus, in spite of the encouraging results of surveys to identify populations and characterize abundance, no Grauer's gorilla population should be considered safe from extirpation.
  100. Hall, Jefferson S., and W. Wabubindja Miya. Preliminary survey of the eastern lowland gorilla: Gorilla Conservation News 6, August 1992: 12-14.
  101. Hall, Jefferson S, Lee J. T. White, Bila Isia Inogwabini, Ilambu Omari, Hilary Simons Morland, Elizabeth A. Williamson, Kristin Saltonstall, Peter Walsh, Claude Sikubwabo, Dumbo Bonny, Kaleme Prince Kiswele, Amy Vedder, and Kathy Freeman. 1998. Survey of Grauer's Gorillas (Gorilla Gorilla Graueri) and Eastern Chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes Schweinfurthi) in the Kahuzi-Biega National Park Lowland Sector and Adjacent Forest in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. International Journal of Primatology 19, no. 2: 207-35.
    Abstract: We describe the distribution and estimate densities of Grauer's gorillas (Gorilla gorilla graueri) and eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthi) in a 12,770-km(2) area of lowland forest between the Lowa, Luka, Lugula, and Oku rivers in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, the site of the largest continuous population of Grauer's gorillas. The survey included a total of 480 km of transects completed within seven sampling zones in the Kahuzi-Biega National park lowland sector and adjacent Kasese regions and approximately 1100 km of footpath and forest reconnaissance. We estimate total populations of 7670 (4180-10,830) weaned gorillas within the Kahuzi-Biega lowland sector and 3350 (1420-5950) individuals in the Kasese survey areas. Within the same area, we estimate a population of 2600 (1620-4500) chimpanzees. Ape nest site densities are significantly higher within the Kahuzi-Biega lowland sector than in the more remote Kasese survey area in spite of a significantly higher encounter rate of human sign within the lowland sector of the park. Comparison of our data with information obtained by Emlen and Schaller during the first rangewide survey of Grauer's gorillas in 1959 suggests that gorilla populations have remained stable in protected areas but declined in adjacent forest. These findings underscore the key role played by national parks in protecting biological resources in spite of the recent political and economic turmoil in the region. We also show that forest reconnaissance is a reliable and cost-effective method to assess gorilla densities in remote forested areas.
  102. Halladay, Patricia, D. A Gilmour, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, and IUCN Forest Conservation Programme. 1995. Conserving biodiversity outside protected areas the role of traditional agro-ecosystems. Gland, Switzerland, Andalusia, Spain, Madrid, Spain: IUCN--the World Conservation Union. AMA-Andaluca. Centro de Investigacin F. Gonz lez-Bern ldez.
  103. Happold, D. Mammals of the Guinea-Congo rain forest: Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh Section B (Biological Sciences) 104 1994(1996): 243-284, Illustr.
  104. Harcourt, A. H. Population viability estimates: theory and practice for a wild gorilla population: Conservation Biology 9(1), February 1995: 134-142, Illustr.
  105. Harcourt, A. H, and D. Fossey. The Virunga gorillas: decline of an 'island' population: African Journal of Ecology 19(1-2) 1981: 83-97, Illustr.
  106. Harcourt, A. H, J. Kineman, G. Campbell, J. Yamagiwa, I. Redmond, C. Aveling, and M. Condiotti. Conservation and the Virunga gorilla population: African Journal of Ecology 21(2) 1983: 139-142, Illustr.
  107. Harcourt, A. R. Conservation of the Virunga gorillas: an analysis of population trends: Primate Eye No. 19 1982: 18-19.
  108. Hart, J., and Jefferson S Hall. Status of eastern Zaire's forest parks and reserves: Conservation Biology 10(2), April 1996: 316-324, Illustr.
  109. Hart, J., and T. Hart. A summary report on the behaviour, ecology and conservation of the okapi (Okapia johnstoni) in Zaire: Acta Zoologica Et Pathologica Antverpiensia No. 80 1988: 19-28, Illustr.
  110. Hart, J., T. Hart, and S. Thomas. The Ituri Forest of Zaire: primate diversity and prospects for conservation: Primate Conservation No. 7 1986: 42-44, Illustr.
  111. Hart, J, and Agenoga Upoki. Distribution and conservation status of Congo peafowl Afropavo congensis in eastern Zaire: Bird Conservation International 7(4), December, 1997: 295-316, Illustr.
  112. Hart, T., J. Hart, and Jefferson S Hall. Conservation in the declining nation state: a view from eastern Zaire: Conservation Biology 10(2), April 1996: 685-686.
  113. Hecketsweiler, P., Charles Doumenge, and J. Mokoko Ikonga. Le parc national d'Odzala, Congo: Iucn, Cambridge, England & Gland, Switzerland. 1991: I-Xiv, 1-334, Illustr.
  114. Hecketsweiler, P., and J. Mokoko Ikonga. La Reserve de Conkouati: Congo. Le secteur sud-est: Uicn, Gland. 1991: I-Iv, 1-323, Illustr.
  115. Hecketsweiler, Philippe, and IUCN Tropical Forest Programme. 1990. La conservation des ecosystèmes forestiers du Congo. Bibliothèque De La Conservation De L'UICN: Bibliothèque De La Conservation De L'UICN, 12. Gland, Suisse: UICN, l'Alliance mondiale pour la nature. Commission des Communautés européennes.
  116. Hess, J. Familie 5. Berggorillas in den Virunga-Waldern: Birkhauser Verlag, Basel. 1989: 1-191, Illustr.
  117. Heymans, J. C, and M. Colyn. Pour une operation de sauvetage du rhinoceros blanc - Ceratotherium simum cottoni (Lydekker) - au Parc National de la Garamba (Rep. du Zaire): Naturalistes Belges 62(7-8) 1981: 157-165, Illustr.
  118. HEYMANS, J C, and J C MEURICE. L'EXPLOITATION DE LA FAUNE SAUVAGE EN REPUBLIQUE DU ZAIRE: UTILIZING THE WILD FAUNA IN THE ZAIRE REPUBLIC. [GAME ANIMALS, MEAT PRODUCTION]. NAT BELG: 54 (6): 246-254. REF, JULY/AUG 1973.
  119. Hiscock, Eric J, T Matiza, Timothy J. F Lash, and IUCN Regional Office for Southern Africa. 1996. Zambezi Basin Wetlands Conservation and Resource Utilisation Project inception mission report. Harare, Zimbabwe: IUCN.
  120. Holloway, M. 1999. Conservation - Congo City. Scientific American 281, no. 3: 15-+.
  121. Howard, Geoffrey W, Susan Matindi, IUCN East Africa Regional Office, Journalists Environmental Association of Tanzania, IUCN Eastern Africa Regional Programme, and Regional Environmental NGO Programme (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources). 1998. Water hyacinth, Nile perch, and pollution issues for ecosystem management in Lake Victoria : proceedings of a workshop on "prospects for sustainable management in Lake Victoria", Mwanza, Tanzania, 10-12 June, 1998. Nairobi, Kenya, Dar es Salaam: World Conservation Union. IUCN Eastern Africa Regional Office distributor. Journalists Environmental Association of Tanzania.
  122. Hudson, H. The relationship between stress and disease in orphan gorillas and its significance for gorilla tourism: Gorilla Conservation News 6, August 1992: 8-10.
  123. Hudson, H., and M. Attwater. Congo gorilla protection project, update 1992: Gorilla Conservation News 7, August 1993: 7-8.
  124. Huertas, Celina Anaya. The pygmy chimpanzee project.: Boletin De La Asociacion Primatologica Espanola 5(3), Septiembre, 1998: 6-7.
  125. Humblet, P. 1946. Aménagement des forêts climatiques tropicales au Mayumbe. Extrait Du "Bulletin Agricole Du Congo Belge". Bruxelles, Belgium.
  126. ———. 1944. La régénération par le reboisement des terres épuisées du Bas-Congo. Extrait Du "Bulletin Agricole Du Congo Belge". Bruxelles, Belgium.
  127. Ichikawa, Mitsuo. Diversity and multiplicity in the forest use by the African hunter-gatherers: Tropics 2(2), November, 1992: 107-121, Illustr.
  128. Ingersoll, L. K. Wings over the sea. The story of Allan Moses: Goose Lane Editions, Fredericton, New Brunswick. 1991: I-Xv, 1-151, Illustr.
  129. Institut des parcs nationaux du Congo belge. 1937. Les parcs nationaux et la protection de la nature = De Nationale Parken en de Natuurbescherming. Exploration du Parc National Albert, mission H. Damas (1935-1936), fascicule 1 = Exploratie van het Nationaal Albert Park, Zending H. Damas (1935-1936), aflevering 1. Bruxelles: Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge?
  130. ———. 1959. Protégez les parcs nationaux. Bruxelles: Hayez.
  131. Institut des parcs nationaux du Congo et du Ruanda-Urundi. 1937. Les parcs nationaux et la protection de la nature De nationale parken en de natuurbescherming. Bruxelles: M. Hayez, imprimeur.
  132. Institut des parcs nationaux du Congo et du Rwanda. 1937. Les parcs nationaux et la protection de la nature De nationale parken en de natuurbescherming. Bruxelles.
  133. Institut des parcs nationaux du Congo et du Rwanda, and Gaston-François de Witte. 1951. Exploration du Parc national de l'Upemba Mission G. F. de Witte en collaboration avec W. Adam [et al.] (1946-1949).Institut des parcs nationaux du Congo, Institut national congolais pour la conservation de la nature, Institut national pour la conservation de la nature de la République du Zaïre, and Fondation pour favoriser les recherches scientifiques en Afrique (Belgium). Bruxelles: Institut des parcs nationaux du Congo Belge.
  134. Institut national pour la conservation de la nature de la République du Zaïre, François Bourlière, Jacques Verschuren, Fondation pour favoriser les recherches scientifiques en Afrique (Belgium), and Institut national zaïrois pour la conservation de la nature. 1972. Exploration du Parc national des Virunga. Bruxelles: Fondation pour favoriser les recherches scientifiques en Afrique.
  135. Institut national pour la conservation de la nature de la République du Zaïre, Gaston-François de Witte, and Fondation pour favoriser les recherches scientifiques en Afrique (Belgium). 1972-. Exploration du Parc national des Virunga. Bruxelles: Fondation pour favoriser les recherches scientifiques en Afrique.
  136. Institut zaïrois pour la conservation de la nature, ed. Leopard. Kinshasha, Zaire.
  137. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. La conservation des ecosystemes forestiers du Zaire base sur le travail de Charles Doumenge: Uicn, Gland & Cambridge. 1990: I-X, 1-242, Illustr.
  138. ———. Twelfth General Assembly, Kinshasha, Zaire, 8-18 September 1975. Proceedings: Iucn (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) Publications New Series Supplements No. 44-E 1976: 1-297, Illustr.
  139. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Commission on Environmental Law, International Council of Environmental Law, and IUCN Environmental Law Centre. 1995. International covenant on environment and development. Environmental Policy and Law Paper: IUCN Environmental Policy and Law Paper, no. 31. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN--the World Conservation Union.
  140. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Species Survival Commission, International Council for Bird Preservation, and Birdlife International. IUCN red list of threatened animals. IUCN Conservation Library. Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.
  141. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, United Nations Economic and Social Council, International Commission on National Parks, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, and IUCN Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas. 1962-. United Nations list of national parks and equivalent reserves = Liste des Nations unies des parcs nationaux et rserves analogues. IUCN Publications. Morges, Suisse etc.: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources etc.
  142. IUCN Commission on Environmental Strategy and Planning. Environmental strategy. Sacramento, CA.
  143. ———. Environmental strategy and planning. Sacramento, CA.
  144. IUCN Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, and Duncan Poore. 1992. Guidelines for mountain protected areas. IUCN Protected Area Programme Series, no. 2. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
  145. IUCN Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, and World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1994. Guidelines for protected area management categories = Lignes directrices pour les catgories de gestion des aires protges = Directrices para las categoras de manejo de areas protegidas. Cambridge, UK: IUCN/UICN.
  146. IUCN Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, and World Heritage Committee. 1982? The World's greatest natural areas an indicative inventory of natural sites of world heritage quality. Gland, Switzerland: CNPPA.
  147. IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre, IUCN Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, and Global Environmental Monitoring System. 1987. IUCN directory of afrotropical protected areas. IUCN Conservation Library. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
  148. IUCN East Africa Regional Office, World Bank, and United Nations Environment Programme. 1998. Regional Stakeholders Workshop on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): Regional Stakeholders Workshop on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) capacity enhancement for the sub-Saharan Africa, held at UNEP Headquarters, Nairobi, Kenya, 8th-10th July 1998 : proceedings of the workshop. Nairobi: The Office.
  149. IUCN Eastern Africa Programme. 1997. Conservation of the lesser flamingo in eastern Africa and beyond proceedings of a workshop at Lake Bogoria, Kenya, 26th to 29th August, 1997. Nairobi: IUCN Eastern Africa Programme.
  150. IUCN Inter-Commission Task Force on Indigenous Peoples. 1997. Indigenous peoples and sustainability cases and actions. Gland, Switzerland?, Utrecht: IUCN Indigenous Peoples and Conservation Initiative. International Books.
  151. IUCN Regional Office for Southern Africa. 1992. Angola environment status quo assessment report. Harare: World Conservation Union, IUCN Regional Office for Southern Africa.
  152. ———. 1992. First IUCN Membership Conference for Southern Africa 27-29 August 1992, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe : conference proceedings. Harare, Zimbabwe: IUCN Regional Office for Southern Africa.
  153. ———. 1988. IUCN Regional Office for Southern Africa. Harare, Zimbabwe: The Office.
  154. IUCN Regional Office for Southern Africa, and United States Agency for International Development. 1997. Managing natural resources issues and challenges in natural resource strategy development and implementation in southern Africa : report of a workshop held between June 23-24 1997, Holiday Inn, Harare, Zimbabwe. Belgravia, Harare, Zimbabwe: IUCN, Regional Office for Southern Africa.
  155. IUCN Regional Office for Southern Africa, United States Agency for International Development, and IUCN Programme on Strategies for Sustainability. 1996. Regional Workshop on Development and Implementation of Local Strategies for Sustainability: Regional Workshop on Development and Implementation of Local Strategies for Sustainability 22-26 April 1996, Hwange, Zimbabwe : workshop report. Belgravia, Harare, Zimbabwe: IUCN, Regional Office for Southern Africa.
  156. IUCN/SSC Mustelid and Viverrid Specialist Group. Mustelid & Viverrid conservation. Edegem, Belgium.
  157. IUCN/SSC Mustelid, Viverrid & Procyonid Specialist Group. 1992-. Small carnivore conservation the newsletter and journal of the IUCN/SSC Mustelid, Viverrid & Procynid Specialist Group. Edegem, Belgium: The Group.
  158. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, Africa Section, Conservation Action Resource Center (Atlanta, Ga.), Institute of Primate Research (Kenya), National Museums of Kenya, Centre for Biodiversity, and Conservation International. 1995-. African primates the newsletter of the Africa Section of the IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group. Atlanta, Ga: Zoo Atlanta.
  159. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, Neotropical Section, and Conservation International. 1993-. Neotropical primates a newsletter of the Neotropical Section of the IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group. Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil: Conservation International.
  160. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, State University of New York at Stony Brook Dept. of Anatomical Sciences, and World Wildlife Fund. 1981. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group newsletter. Stony Brook, NY?: World Wildlife Fund--US. Dept. of Anatomical Sciences of the State University of New York at Stony Brook.
  161. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, and World Wildlife Fund Primate Program. 1985-. Primate conservation the newsletter and journal of the IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group. Stony Brook N.Y.: WWF-U.S. Primate Program.
  162. IUCN/SSC Rodent Specialist Group, and William Zander Lidicker. 1989. Rodents a world survey of species of conservation concern : based on the proceedings of a Workshop of the IUCN/SSC Rodent Specialist Group, held at the Fourth International Theriological Congress, August 17, 1985, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Occasional Papers of the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC): Occasional Papers of the IUCN Species Survival Commission, no. 4. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN--the World Conservation Union.
  163. IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. 1989. Tortoises and freshwater turtles an action plan for their conservation. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
  164. IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group, and Chelonian Research Foundation. 1993-. Chelonian conservation and biology journal of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group and international bulletin of chelonian research. Lunenburg, MA: Chelonian Research Foundation.
  165. IUCN Tropical Forest Programme. 1989. La Conservation des écosystèmes forestiers d'Afrique centrale : un plan d'action pour la République-Unie du Cameroun, la République centrafricaine, la République populaire du Congo, la République gabonaise, la République de Guinée équatoriale, la République démocratique de Sao Tomé-et-Principe, la République du Zaïre. Gland, Suisse: UICN : Commission des communautés européenes.
  166. Jassogne, Ferdinand. 1945. L'exploitation forestière au Congo Belge. Bruxelles: J.&A. Janssens.
  167. Jefferson, T. A., B. E. Curry, S. Leatherwood, and J. A. Powell. 1997. Dolphins and Porpoises of West Africa: a Review of Records (Cetacea : Delphinidae, Phocoenidae). Mammalia 61, no. 1: 87-108.
    Abstract: A review indicates that nineteen species of dolphins and porpoises (cetacean families Delphinidae and Phocoenidae) occur in West African waters (from the Strait of Gibraltar to the Congo River). In addition, two other cold temperate species reach their southern limit at the northern border of the area. For each species, distribution records in West African waters are reviewed. A key to dolphins and porpoises of West Africa, based on external appearance, is presented to aid in identification.
  168. Johnson, Dennis Victor, and IUCN/SSC Palm Specialist Group. 1996. Palms their conservation and sustained utilization : status survey and conservation action plan. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
  169. Jori, F., M. Lopez-Bejar, and P. Houben. 1998. The Biology and Use of the African Brush-Tailed Porcupine (Atherurus Africanus, Gray, 1842) as a Food Animal. A Review. Biodiversity and Conservation 7, no. 11: 1417-26.
    Abstract: The brush-tailed porcupine (Atherurus africanus) is a hystricomorph rodent, which frequents the forests of West and Central Africa. With an average weight of 3 kg, it is a favourite source of meat for urban and rural populations of Gabon, Nigeria, Cameroon or Congo. Hunted in large quantities, its price is often higher than that of other game or domestic animals. Although its current productivity in captivity is limited to a single young per birth and two to three births per year per female, this species could be a good candidate for minilivestock programmes in African forest areas if its current reproductive potential in captivity could be improved. Further research should be encouraged on its biology and reproduction since the current level of hunting for this species is probably not sustainable. Captive breeding programmes could play a role in assessing a better knowledge of the species' biology, and in reducing the effects of intensive hunting in areas where this activity is no longer sustainable.
  170. Kabala Matuka. 1976. Aspects de la conservation de la nature au Zaire. Série Scientifique. Kinshasa: Éditions Lokole.
  171. Kabongo, K. Le chimpanze nain: reflexions sur sa conservation. Commentaires sur les mefaits de l'homme sur les populations de chimpanze nain (Pan paniscus) dans les habitats naturels de la cuvette centrale du Zaire, sous-regions de l'Equateur et de la Tshuapa: Cahiers D'ethologie Appliquee 7(4) 1987: 353-366, Illustr.
  172. Kalpers, J. The International Gorilla Conservation Programme (IGCP): Gorilla Conservation News 6, August 1992: 19-20.
  173. ———. International gorilla conservation programme - update May 1992: Oryx 26(3) 1992: 180-181.
  174. Kano, Takayoshi. Distribution of pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus) in the central Zaire basin: Folia Primatologica 43(1) 1984: 36-52, Illustr.
  175. Kano, Takayoshi, and R. Asato. Hunting pressure on chimpanzees and gorillas in the Motaba River Area, northeastern Congo: African Study Monographs 15(3) 1994: 143-162, Illustr.
  176. Kano, Takayoshi, Gen'ichi Idani, and Chie Hashimoto. The present situations of bonobos at Wamba, Zaire: Primate Research 10(3), December 1994: 191-214, Illustr.
  177. Karesh, W. B. Developing veterinary involvement in Zairian conservation efforts: American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Proceedings 1992 1992: 85.
  178. ———. Rhino relations: Wildlife Conservation 99(2), March-April 1996: 36-43, Illustr.
  179. Kay, E. Alison, IUCN/SSC Mollusc Specialist Group, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, and Species Survival Commission. 1995. The conservation biology of molluscs proceedings of a symposium held at the 9th International Malacological Congress, Edinburgh, Scotland, 1986. Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission: Occasional Papers of the IUCN Species Survival Commission, no. 9. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
  180. Kiyengo, C. S. Update on the Maiko Gorilla National Park: Gorilla Conservation News 7, August 1993: 10-12.
  181. Klemm, Cyrille de, Barbara J Lausche, and IUCN Environmental Law Centre. 1987? African wildlife laws. IUCN Environmental Policy & Law Occasional Paper: The IUCN Conservation Library, no. 3. Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.
  182. Klemm, Cyrille de, Clare Shine, IUCN Environmental Law Centre, and IUCN Biodiversity Programme. 1993. Biological diversity conservation and the law legal mechanisms for conserving species and ecosystems. IUCN Environmental Policy and Law Paper, no. 29. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN--the World Conservation Union.
  183. Kuroda, Suehisa. Ecological interspecies relationships between gorillas and chimpanzees in the Ndoki-Nouabale Reserve, northern Congo: Itoigawa, N., Sugiyama, Y., Sackett, G.p. & Thompson, R.k.r. [Eds]. Topics in Primatology. Volume 2. Behavior, Ecology and Conservation. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo. 1992: I-Ix, 1-412. Chapter Pagination: 385-394, Illustr.
  184. Lang, Herbert. 1924. The vanishing wild life of Africa.
  185. Lanjouw, A., G. Cummings, and J. Miller. Gorilla conservation problems and activities in North Kivu, eastern Zaire (February, 1996): African Primates 1(2), December 1995: 44-46, Illustr.
  186. Lee, Phyllis C, Jane Thornback, Elizabeth L Bennett, IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre, and International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 1988. Threatened primates of Africa the IUCN red data book. The IUCN Conservation Library. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
  187. Leplae, Edmond. 1931. La question forestière au Congo belge. Institut Royale Colonial Belge. Bulletin Des Séances. Bruxelles: M. Hayez.
  188. Lewis, Connie Diane, IUCN Biodiversity Programme, IUCN Protected Areas Programme, and IUCN Social Policy Group. 1996. Managing conflicts in protected areas. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN--the World Conservation Union.
  189. Loumeto, J. J., and C. Huttel. 1997. Understory Vegetation in Fast-Growing Tree Plantations on Savanna Soils in Congo. Forest Ecology and Management 99, no. 1-2: 65-81.
    Abstract: The hypothesis that tree plantations may catalyze the regeneration of natural forest biodiversity was tested through studies of floristic diversity and structure in fast-growing tree plantations in the Congo. Study sites included experimental and industrial plantations on poor sandy coastal soils near Pointe-Noire, and experimental plantations on clay soils near Loudima. The effects of plantations species, plantation age (in 6-to 20-year-old eucalypt stands), disturbance due to herbicide use and fire, proximity to natural forest, and soils on understory plant diversity were studied. These plantations were compared to the native savanna ecosystem and to adjacent natural secondary forest stands. Vegetation diversity was assessed through analyses of floristic composition, species richness and frequency. Forest species were dominant in the understory of most plantations, especially in the older stands. However, the forest species established in plantation understories were guile different from those from adjacent natural forest stands. Premna lucens, Psorospemum tenuifolium and Psychotria cf. peduncularis were the most important forest species found in most eucalypt plantations and in Finns caribaea and Acacia auriculiformis plantations. Alchornea cordifolia, Authocleista nobilis, Barteria nigritiana and Bertiera cf. batesii were also important. The savanna species Eriosema erici-rosenii, Annona arenaria and Loudetia arundinacea were encountered in many plots. Herbaceous species were dominant in the younger and disturbed plantation stands. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.
  190. MacKinnon, John Ramsay, IUCN Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, United Nations Environment Programme, and Global Environmental Monitoring System. 1986. Managing protected areas in the tropics. IUCN Conservation Library. Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.
  191. MacKinnon, John Ramsay, Kathy MacKinnon, IUCN Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, and United Nations Environment Programme. 1986. Review of the protected areas system in the Afrotropical realm. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Available from IUCN Publication Services.
  192. Magliocca, F., S. Querouil, and Annie Gautier Hion. 1999. Population Structure and Group Composition of Western Lowland Gorillas in North-Western Republic of Congo. American Journal of Primatology 48, no. 1: 1-14.
    Abstract: Population studies are an essential part of conservation actions. Under exceptional observation conditions we studied a western lowland gorilla population visiting the Maya salt-clearing (north of the Pare national d'Odzala, P.N.O., Congo) over an 8 month period; 36 groups and 18 solitary individuals (a total of 420 individuals) have been identified visiting the clearing, which suggests a high gorilla density in the region. Ninety-six percent of the gorillas entered the clearing in groups. One-male groups had a mean size of 11.2. Ninety percent of solitary individuals were silver-back males. Compared with other populations of both lowland gorillas and mountain gorillas, the Maya population had the highest immature rate and the highest number of infants per female. Ecological correlates that could explain the attractiveness of the Maya clearing are discussed. The present status and the renewal rate of the Maya population indicate the need for further studies and confirm the importance of developing eco-tourism in this region as part of the sustainable park management activities developed by the ECOFAC programme (European Union). The results also provide arguments to support the proposal for extending the P.N.O. to include this region, which is rich in salt-clearings and attracts many other key-species of mammal such as forest elephants. Am. J. Primatol. 48:1-14, 1999. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
  193. Makombe, Kudzai, IUCN Regional Office for Southern Africa, and IUCN Sustainable Use of Wildlife Programme. 1993. Sharing the land wildlife, people, and development in Africa. IUCN/ROSA Environmental Issues Series, no. 1. Harare, Zimbabwe, Washington, USA: IUCN/Regional Office for Southern Africa. IUCN/Sustainable Use of Wildlife Programme.
  194. Malaisse, François. 1976. Écologíe de la rivière Luanza = Ecology of the Luanza river. Exploration Hydrobiologique Du Bassin Du Lac Bangweolo Et Du Luapula: Exploration Hydrobiologique Du Bassin Du Lac Bangweolo Et Du Luapula, v. 17, fasc. 2. Bruxelles: Cercle hydrobiologique de Bruxelles.
  195. Malenky, R. K, N. Thompson Handler, and R. Susman L. Conservation status of Pan paniscus: Heltne, P.g. & Marquardt, L.a. [Eds]. Understanding Chimpanzees. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England. 1989: I-Xviii, 1-407. Chapter Pagination: 362-368, Illustr.
  196. Maltby, Edward, C. P Immirzi, R. J Safford, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, and IUCN Wetlands Programme. 1996. Workshop on Integrated Planning and Management of Tropical Lowland Peatlands: Tropical lowland peatlands of Southeast Asia proceedings of a Workshop on Integrated Planning and Management of Tropical Lowland Peatlands held at Cisarua, Indonesia, 3-8 July 1992. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
  197. Mankoto, M. O. La situation des rhinoceros blancs (Ceratotherium simum cottoni) au parc national de la Garamba (Zaire): Cahiers D'ethologie Appliquee 8(3) 1988: 450-456, Illustr.
  198. Mankoto, M. O, J. Yamagiwa, B. Steinhauer Burkart, N. Mwanza, Tamaki Maruhashi, and T. Yumoto. Conservation of eastern lowland gorilla in the Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Zaire: Thierry, B., Anderson, J.r., Roeder, J.j. & Herrenschmidt, N. [Eds]. Current Primatology. Volume 1: Ecology and Evolution. Universite Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg. 1994: I-X, 1-398. Chapter Pagination: 113-122, Illustr.
  199. Manuel, Dorothy, Pendora Max, and IUCN Regional Office for Southern Africa. 1997. Profiles of donors supporting environment and development initiatives in southern Africa. Harare: IUCN-ROSA.
  200. Matowanyika, Joseph Z. Z, Vielka Garibaldi, Elizabeth Musimwa, Oliver Chapeyama, Interim Committee on Indigenous Knowledge Systems in Southern Africa, World Bank, Africa 2000 Network Zimbabwe, IUCN Regional Office for Southern Africa, and Regional Social Policy Service. 1995. Indigenous knowledge systems and natural resource management in Southern Africa report of the Southern African regional workshop, Harare, Zimbabwe, 20-22 April 1994. Indigenous Knowledge Systems Series, no. 1. Harare: IUCN. IUCN-ROSA distributor.
  201. Mayaux, P., G. De Grandi, and J. P. Malingreau. 2000. Central African Forest Cover Revisited: a Multisatellite Analysis. Remote Sensing of Environment 71, no. 2: 183-96.
    Abstract: This article proposes, through a joint analysis of a range of satellite data sets, a regional approach to the assessment of forest cover of Central Africa and a continuously updated information base on which to build a monitoring system. The following landscapes are described in detail: lowland rain forest, swamp forest, secondary formations, forest-savanna mosaic, and plantations. The separability between the vegetation types is thus established for the sensors available at a regional scale (AVHRR, ATSR, ERS-1 SAR) and over a broad range of ecotones. The performances of the different sensors illustrate the complementarity of the presently available remote sensing techniques. A regional vegetation map was produced of a part of the Congo Basin covering about 20 million ha by the combination of the best sensors used in the present study. Each vegetation type is mapped with the most appropriate sensor in terns of spectral behavior and spatial resolution. AVHRR data are used for the distinction between forest and savanna and for overall ecosystem monitoring, ATSR data have been showed appropriate for mapping the secondary forests, while ERS SAR data are reliable for mapping the gallery-forests, the plantations, and the swamp forests. A contingency matrix has been computed between the synthetic vegetation map and the national forest map of Congo-Kinshasa. The overall source of difference is related to the confusion between lowland rain forest and swamp forest. The combination of these sensors contributes thus to a new product, the thematic content and spatial detail of which has never been achieved before at the regional level. (C) Elsevier Science Inc., 2000.
  202. Mayaux, P., T. Richards, and E. Janodet. 1999. A Vegetation Map of Central Africa Derived From Satellite Imagery. Journal of Biogeography 26, no. 2: 353-66.
    Abstract: Aim This paper presents the Joint Research Centre's TREES Project satellite derived Vegetation Map of Central Africa, at 1:5,000,000 scale, with a detailed description of the vegetation classes and their distribution. The information content of the map is compared with other conventional and satellite derived maps of the region for validation and evaluation purposes.Location The map focuses on the Guineo-Congolian ecological domain and covers the following countries: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabor 1 and the Democratic Republic of Congo.Methods Using coarse resolution satellite imagery a map of vegetation cover has been produced based upon the spectral response of the vegetation cover. Digital image processing and geographical information systems techniques were employed, together with local knowledge, high resolution imagery and expert consultation, to compile a cartographic map product.Results The TREES Vegetation Map of Central Africa has been shown to be strongly correlated with the FAO Forest Resources Assessment for 1990. Comparison with other map sources indicates that the map contains greater spatial detail and is more consistent than conventionally compiled maps. The conventional maps however, contain more thematic information content relating to vegetation type.Main conclusions The map improves our stale of knowledge of the vegetation cover of Central Africa and presents the most consistent and spatially detailed view yet published at this scale. Thematic information content on forest type is limited but should be improved in the near future with the inclusion of data from new satellite sensors. This first version of the map and future planned updates should provide an important input for regional stratification and planning purposes for forest resources, biodiversity and climate studies.
  203. Mboukou-Kimbatsa, I. M. C., F. Bernhard-Reversat, and J. J. Loumeto. 1998. Change in Soil Macrofauna and Vegetation When Fast-Growing Trees Are Planted on Savanna Soils. Forest Ecology and Management 110, no. 1-3: 1-12.
    Abstract: Many forest species can be found in understory vegetation of old plantation plots, despite the fact that the native vegetation was a poor savanna growing on highly nonfertile sandy soils. The aim of the present paper is to describe the changes that occur in the environmental conditions when savanna is planted with fast-growing trees, and is particularly concerned with vegetation and soil macrofauna. The study was carried out in industrial eucalyptus plantations, and in experimental Acacia and pine plantations. Most plots were located on sandy soil, but some measurements were also carried out on clay soil planted with the same species in order to assess the influence of soil type.A strong correlation was shown between the age of the eucalyptus trees and the percentage of forest species in undergrowth, emphasizing the progressive change from savanna vegetation towards forest vegetation.Biomass and density of macrofauna were very low in both sandy and clayey savanna soils, total biomass being 3.3 and 5.8 g/m(2) respectively. Soil macrofauna became more important as the age of plantations increased, and biomass reached 29 g/m(2) in the 20-year-old eucalyptus plot on sandy soil, and 74 g/m(2) in 26-year-old eucalyptus plantation on clay soil, compared to 33 g/m(2) in the natural forest plot on sandy soil; however, frequency of occurrence and number of taxa were lower in old eucalyptus plot as compared to forest. Large differences in the abundance of macrofauna were observed in relation to planted species. Acacia was most favourable to soil macrofauna, with a total biomass of 60 g/m(2) on sandy soil and many taxa present. Pine plantations had a poor macrofauna and several taxa were lacking, particularly in the sandy soil.Total macrofauna frequency was significantly correlated with the percentage of forest species in understory vegetation. Both were correlated with soil pH and soil organic-matter content. The results suggest that soil organic matter and litter quality are of main importance in changing the above- and below-ground habitat in plantations. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.
  204. Mbuga, James Siwo, A Getabu, and IUCN Eastern Africa Programme. 1998. Trawling in Lake Victoria its history, status, and effects. Socio-Economics of the Lake Victoria Fisheries: Socio-Economics of the Nile Perch Fishery on Lake Victoria, rept. no. 3. Nairobi, Kenya: IUCN Eastern Africa Regional Office.
  205. McNeilage, A. Ecotourism and mountain gorillas in the Virunga Volcanoes: Taylor, V.j. & Dunstone, N. [Eds]. The Exploitation of Mammal Populations. Chapman & Hall, London, Weinheim Etc. 1996: I-Xx, 1-415. Chapter Pagination: 334-344, Illustr.
  206. Meder, A., P. Burgel H, and C. Bresch. Pan paniscus in Salonga National Park: Primate Conservation No. 9 1988: 110-111, Illustr.
  207. Merz, G. Conservation of the eastern lowland gorilla: Primate Report No. 29 1991: 65-70, Illustr.
  208. ———. Regenwaldschutz in Ostzaire: Der Kahuzi-Biega-Nationalpark: Natur Und Museum (Frankfurt Am Main) 125(9), September 1995: 261-271, Illustr.
  209. Mills, M. G. L, Heribert Hofer, and IUCN/SSC Hyaena Specialist Group. 1998. Hyaenas status survey and conservation action plan. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
  210. Mitani, M. A note on the present situation of the primate fauna found from south-eastern Cameroon to northern Congo: Primates 31(4) 1990: 625-634, Illustr.
  211. ———. Preliminary results of the studies on wild western lowland gorillas and other sympatric diurnal primates in the Ndoki Forest, northern Congo: Itoigawa, N., Sugiyama, Y., Sackett, G.p. & Thompson, R.k.r. [Eds]. Topics in Primatology. Volume 2. Behavior, Ecology and Conservation. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo. 1992: I-Ix, 1-412. Chapter Pagination: 215-224, Illustr.
  212. Montero, J. Recent hunting of various mountain gorillas during 1995.: Quercus 120, Febrero 1996: 34, Illustr.
  213. Moritz, Tom, IUCN Library and Archive, and California Academy of Sciences Library. 1996. Conservation thesaurus. Version 1.0 ed. Gland, Switzerland, Cambridge, U.K: IUCN-The World Conservation Union. Available from IUCN Publications Services Unit.
  214. Morland, Hilary Simons. Looking for Grauer's gorilla: Wildlife Conservation 98(5), September-October 1995: 46-53, Illustr.
  215. Mpanya, Mutombo, and Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies. 1986. Environment under pressure the impact of PVO projects on a Zairian village. Working Paper: Working Paper (Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies), no. 59. Notre Dame, Ind: Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies, University of Notre Dame.
  216. Mugabe, John, African Centre for Technology Studies, World Resources Institute, and IUCN Environmental Law Centre. 1997. Access to genetic resources strategies for sharing benefits. ACTS Environmental Policy Series, no. 8. Nairobi, Kenya, Washington, DC, USA, Bonn, Germany: ACTS Press. World Resources Institute. IUCN--the World Conservation Union, Environmental Law Centre.
  217. Mughanda, M, and A Mutamba. Thirteen years of exploitation of Limnothrissa miodon BLGR in Lake Kivu (Rwanda and Zaire): Cifa Occasional Paper 19, 1993: 213-229, Illustr.
  218. Mulimbwa, N'sibula, and Piero Mannini. Demographic characteristics of Stolothrissa tanganicae, Limnothrissa miodon and Lates stappersii in the northwestern (Zairean) waters of Lake Tanganyika: Cifa Occasional Paper 19, 1993: 176-195, Illustr.
  219. Mulimbwa, N'sibula, and Kunio Shirakihara. Growth, recruitment and reproduction of sardines (Stolothrissa tanganicae and Limnothrissa miodon) in northwestern Lake Tanganyika: Tropics 4(1), September, 1994: 57-67, Illustr.
  220. Murnyak, D. F. Censusing the gorillas in Kahuzi-Biega National Park: Biological Conservation 21(3) 1981: 163-176, Illustr.
  221. ———. The gorillas of Kahuzi-Biega, Zaire: African Wildlife 36(3) 1982: 87-91, Illustr.
  222. Mwanza, N., J. Yamagiwa, T. Yumoto, and Tamaki Maruhashi. Distribution and range utilization of eastern lowland gorillas: Itoigawa, N., Sugiyama, Y., Sackett, G.p. & Thompson, R.k.r. [Eds]. Topics in Primatology. Volume 2. Behavior, Ecology and Conservation. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo. 1992: I-Ix, 1-412. Chapter Pagination: 283-300, Illustr.
  223. Ndinga, Assitou, and IUCN Central African Programme. 1996. Congo, et si les sociétés forestières ne participaient pas au développement durable? Zaire: UICN--Union mondiale pour la nature.
  224. Ndunda, M., Tamaki Maruhashi, T. Yumoto, and J. Yamagiwa. Conservation of eastern lowland gorillas in the Masisi region, Zaire: Primate Conservation No. 9 1988: 111-114, Illustr.
  225. Nganga, I., G. Makosso Vheiye, and J. Fay. Congo: East, R. Antelopes. Global Survey and Regional Action Plans. Part 3. West and Central Africa. Iucn, Gland, Switzerland. 1990: I-Iv, 1-171. Chapter Pagination: 120-126, Illustr.
  226. Nicoll, Martin E., Galen B. Rathbun, and Tree-Shrew and Elephant-Shrew Specialist Group IUCN/SSC Insectivore. 1990. African Insectivora and elephant-shrews : an action plan for their conservation. IUCN/SSC Action Plans for the Conservation of Biological Diversity, [16]. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
  227. Nishihara, T. A preliminary report on the feeding habits of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in the Ndoki Forest, northern Congo: Itoigawa, N., Sugiyama, Y., Sackett, G.p. & Thompson, R.k.r. [Eds]. Topics in Primatology. Volume 2. Behavior, Ecology and Conservation. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo. 1992: I-Ix, 1-412. Chapter Pagination: 225-240, Illustr.
  228. Norton, B. The mountain gorilla: Swan Hill Press, Shrewsbury. 1990: 1-128, Illustr.
  229. Nowell, Kristin, Peter Jackson, and IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. 1996. Wild cats status survey and conservation action plan. IUCN/SSC Action Plans for the Conservation of Biological Diversity. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
  230. NSosso, D. Problems of management of the African elephant in Conkouati nature reserve at Kouilou (Congo).: Pachyderm 22 1996: 50-57, Illustr.
  231. Oates, John F, John F Oates, IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, and Species Survival Commission. 1996. African primates status survey and conservation action plan. Rev. ed ed. IUCN/SSC Action Plans for the Conservation of Biological Diversity. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
  232. Oko, Rufin A. The present situation of conservation for wild gorillas in the Congo: Itoigawa, N., Sugiyama, Y., Sackett, G.p. & Thompson, R.k.r. [Eds]. Topics in Primatology. Volume 2. Behavior, Ecology and Conservation. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo. 1992: I-Ix, 1-412. Chapter Pagination: 241-243.
  233. Oliver, William L. R, IUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group, and IUCN/SSC Hippo Specialist Group. 1993. Pigs, peccaries, and hippos status survey and conservation action plan. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
  234. Palmer, R. W. Invertebrates in the Orange River, with emphasis on conservation and management: Southern African Journal of Aquatic Sciences 22(1-2), 1996: 3-51, Illustr.
  235. Pearce, David W, Dominic Moran, and IUCN Biodiversity Programme. 1994. The economic value of biodiversity. London: Earthscan.
  236. Plumptre, Andrew J. Modelling the impact of large herbivores on the food supply of mountain gorillas and implications for management: Biological Conservation 75(2) 1996: 147-155, Illustr.
  237. ———. Shifting cultivation along the Trans-African Highway and its impact on the understorey bird community in the Ituri Forest, Zaire: Bird Conservation International 7(4), December, 1997: 317-329, Illustr.
  238. Poffenberger, Mark, IUCN Working Group on Community Involvement in Forest Management, and Intergovernmental Panel on Forests. 1996. Communities and forest management a report of the IUCN Working Group on Community Involvement in Forest Management with recommendations to the Intergovernmental Panel on Forests. Washington, D.C., USA: IUCN.
  239. POLIAKOV, D M. no title provided: FOREST RESOURCES AND FOREST MANAGEMENT WORK IN THE PEOPLE'SREPUBLIC OF THE CONGO. LESN KHOZ: 4: 93-95, APR 1976.
  240. Posey, Darrell Addison, and IUCN Biodiversity Programme. 1996. Traditional resource rights international instruments for protection and compensation for indigenous peoples and local communities. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN--the World Conservation Union.
  241. Prigogine, A. Conservation de la faune au Zaire: Reserves Naturelles (Brussels) 1987(1) 1987: 15-23, Illustr.
  242. R, J. C. Situation alarmante des pongides - gorilles et chimpanzes - au Congo: Cahiers D'ethologie Appliquee 9(3) 1989: 416-418, Illustr.
  243. Ray, J. C. The life in sympatry of Xenogale naso and Atilax paludinosus in a central African forest: Small Carnivore Conservation 12, April 1995: 1-4, Illustr.
  244. Refisch, J. Abenteuer Forschung: Biologie in Unserer Zeit 22(2) 1992: 75-76, Illustr.
  245. Reinartz, Gay E, and Gilbert K Boese. Bonobo conservation: the evolution of a zoological society program: Special Topics in Primatology 1, 1997: 215-225, Illustr.
  246. Rolland-Germain, frère. 1945. Note sur les premiers stades de la reforestation naturelle des savanes du Bas-Congo. Extrait Du "Bulletin Agricole Du Congo Belge". Bruelles, Belgium.
  247. Rowe Rowe, D. T. Recent information on the Congo clawless otter: Iucn Otter Specialist Group Bulletin No. 5 1990: 24-27, Illustr.
  248. Ruwet, J. C. Le chimpanze nain (Pan paniscus) du Zaire. Son etude et sa conservation: Cahiers D'ethologie Appliquee 7(4) 1987: 331-340, Illustr.
  249. Rzoska, Julian. 1978. On the nature of rivers: with case stories of Nile, Zaire, and Amazon : essay. 67 p. : ill., maps.
  250. Sabater Pi, Jordi, and Joaquim J. Vea. Nest-building and population estimates of the bonobo from the Lokofe-Lilungu-Ikomaloki region of Zaire: Primate Conservation 11, December 1990: 43-48, Illustr.
  251. Introduction. 1954. Exploration du Parc national de la Garamba. Mission H. de Saeger. Henri de Saeger, 107 p., 41 leaves of plates, 2 fold. maps. Bruxelles: Institut des parcs nationaux du Congo Belge.
  252. Saeger, Henri de. 1962? Ou en est l'Institut des Parcs nationaux du Congo et du Rwanda. Gembloux: Duculot.
  253. ———. 1957? Les parcs nationaux du Congo belge le tourisme. Gembloux: Éditions J. Duculot.
  254. ———. 1956? Les parcs nationaux du Congo Belge, où, La nature est menacée. Bruxelles: Imprimerie Hayez.
  255. ———. 1962. Que deviennent les parcs nationaux du Congo et du Ruanda-Urundi? Gembloux: J. Duculot.
  256. Safford, Lesley, Edward Maltby, IUCN Commission on Ecosystem Management, Tropical Peatland Expert Group, and IUCN Wetlands Programme. 1998. Guidelines for integrated planning and management of tropical lowland peatlands with special reference to Southeast Asia. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
  257. Said, M. Y, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Species Survival Commission, IUCN/SSC African Elephant Specialist Group, and Global Resource Information Database. 1995. African elephant database, 1995. Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission: Occasional Papers of the IUCN Species Survival Commission, no. 11. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
  258. Salm, Rodney V, Yemi Tessema, IUCN East Africa Regional Office, IUCN Eastern Africa Regional Programme, and Kenya Wildlife Service. 1998. Regional Workshop on Marine Protected Areas, Tourism, and Communities: Partnership for conservation report of the Regional Workshop on Marine Protected Areas, Tourism, and Communities, Diani Beach, Kenya, 11-13 May, 1998. Nairobi, Kenya: IUCN Eastern Africa Regional Office.
  259. Saltonstall, Kristin, G. Amato, and J. Powell. 1998. Mitochondrial Dna Variability in Grauer's Gorillas of Kahuzi-Biega National Park. Journal of Heredity 89, no. 2: 129-35.
    Abstract: Eastern lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla graueri) are the least studied of the three gorilla subspecies, particularly at the molecular level. We sequenced an internal region of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit II (COII) region and a hypervariable portion of the mitochondrial DNA control region (D-loop) from wild gorillas in both the montane and lowland habitats of Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo, All individuals (n = 38) were identical at the COII region; this sequence indicates that diagnostic sites previously suggested for gorilla subspecies may be valid. Low variability was found within the D-loop region from a subset of the individuals (n = 15) sequenced for COII. Haplotype frequencies differed between the two habitats, suggesting a level of population subdivision that may have demographic consequences. These results also support the distinction of two distinct clades of gorillas comprised of western populations (G, g. gorilla) and eastern populations (G. g. graueri and G. g. beringei). Future management of Kahuzi-Biega National Park should ensure that sufficient habitat remains to prevent further genetic isolation of gorillas in the montane section of the park.
  260. Saltonstall, Kristin, G Amato, and J Powell. 1998. Mitochondrial DNA variability in Grauer's gorillas of Kahuzi-Biega National Park. Journal of Heredity.
    Abstract: Eastern lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla graueri) are the least studied of the three gorilla subspecies, particularly at the molecular level. We sequenced an internal region of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit II (COII) region and a hypervariable portion of the mitochondrial DNA control region (D-loop) from wild gorillas in both the montane and lowland habitats of Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo. All individuals (n = 38) were identical at the COII region; this sequence indicates that diagnostic sites previously suggested for gorilla subspecies may be valid. Low variability was found within the D-loop region from a subset of the individuals (n = 15) sequenced for COII. Haplotype frequencies differed between the two habitats, suggesting a level of population subdivision that may have demographic consequences. These results also support the distinction of two distinct clades of gorillas comprised of western populations (G. g. gorilla) and eastern populations (G. g. graueri and G. g. beringei). Future management of Kahuzi-Biega National Park should ensure that sufficient habitat remains to prevent further genetic isolation of gorillas in the montane section of the park
  261. Samba Kimbata, M. J. Deforestation of the Pool area (Congo): Geo-Eco-Trop 19(1-4) 1995: 105-118, Illustr.
  262. Sarmiento, E., Thomas M. Butynski, and J. Kalina. Gorillas of Bwindi-Impenetrable Forest and the Virunga Volcanoes: taxonomic implications of morphological and ecological differences: American Journal of Primatology 40(1) 1996: 1-21, Illustr.
  263. Sayer, Jeffrey, and IUCN Forest Conservation Programme. 1991. Rainforest buffer zones guidelines for protected area managers. The IUCN Conservation Library. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN--the World Conservation Union, Forest Conservation Programme.
  264. Schaller, G. B. Gorilla: struggle for survival in the Virungas: Aperture, New York. 1989: 1-112, Illustr.
  265. Schreiber, A, and IUCN/SSC Mustelid and Viverrid Specialist Group. 1989. Weasels, civets, mongooses, and their relatives an action plan for the conservation of mustelids and viverrids. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
  266. Sholley, C. R. Conserving gorillas in the midst of guerrillas: Aazpa Annual Conference Proceedings 1991 1991: 30-37, Illustr.
  267. Singh, A., A. Dieye, and M. Finco. 1999. Assessing Environmental Conditions of Major River Basins in Africa as Surrogates for Watershed Health. Ecosystem Health 5, no. 4: 265-74.
    Abstract: There is a growing recognition of the importance of transboundary shared natural resources. However, with limited resources, international policymakers need to be able to prioritize regions before allocating resources and addressing transboundary problems. River basins are perhaps the most natural transboundary division and, as such, provide an ecological framework for environmental assessments. The health of watersheds that are divided by political boundaries are at particular risk due to differential land management practices within each watershed. In Africa, more than any other continent, over 60% of the geographical area is a transboundary water-shed. In this article, a comparative study of the five major basins in Africa-the Congo, Chad, Nile, Niger, and Zambezi-has been carried out using consistent geospatial data sets at l-km resolution. Population, land cover type, and protected areas were used to assess the current status, characteristic differences, and impending pressure on river basin resources for each watershed. In addition, a focused study within the Nile River basin is used to compare the particular differences between countries.
  268. Skinner, J, N Beaumond, J.-Y Pirot, and IUCN Wetlands Programme. 1994. Manuel de formation la gestion des zones humides tropicales. Gland, Suisse: Union mondiale pour la nature.
  269. Smith, K., and F. Smith. Conserving rhinos in Garamba National Park: Ryder, O.a. [Ed.]. Rhinoceros Biology and Conservation. Proceedings of an International Conference, May 9-11, 1991, San Diego, California, Usa. Zoological Society of San Diego, San Diego. 1993: I-V, 1-368. Chapter Pagination: 166-177, Illustr.
  270. Sondergaard, J. The mysterious okapi.: Naturens Verden 1991(5) 1991: 177-182, Illustr.
  271. Stephenson, P. J, and J. E Newby. Conservation of the Okapi Wildlife Reserve, Zaire: Oryx 31(1), January 1997: 49-58, Illustr.
  272. Stewart, K. J. Gorilla tourism: a reply to Zaire: Gorilla Conservation News 7, August 1993: 12-13.
  273. ———. Gorilla tourism: problems of control: Gorilla Conservation News 6, August 1992: 15-16.
  274. Susman, R. L, N. Badrian, A. Badrian, and N. Handler T. Pygmy chimpanzees in peril: Oryx 16(2) 1981: 179-183, Illustr.
  275. Swingland, Ian R, Michael W Klemens, and IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. 1989. The Conservation biology of tortoises. Occasional Papers of the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC): Occasional Papers of the IUCN Species Survival Commission, no. 5. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN--the World Conservation Union.
  276. Symposium sur la "forêt: richesse nationale, à. preserver" (1st : 1984 : Centre de commerce international du Zaïre), Zaire, and Département de l'environnement, conservation de la nature et tourisme. 1984. Premier Symposium sur la "forêt richesse nationale à preserver" Kinshasa, C.C.I.Z., 16-19 avril 1984. Kinshasa: Le Département.
  277. Thiry, Cecile, IUCN Library and Archive, and International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 1995. The Library and Archive IUCN reports, 1960-1995 including an appendix on IUCN periodicals. 1st ed ed. Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources-The World Conservation Union.
  278. Toure, F. S., E. M. Leroy, E. Mavoungou, and T. G. Egwang. 1999. Sequence Conservation of Repeat 3 Region of the Gene Coding for the 15 Kda Polyprotein Within Human and Simian Loa Loa. Journal of Medical Primatology 28, no. 2: 57-61.
    Abstract: The human and simian strains of Lon loci microfilariae are morphologically identical even though their periodicities vary. When using primate models (,Mandrillus sphinx) of human loaisis for vaccination trials, the absence of any ongoing simian L. loci infection must be demonstrated. Nested primers derived from a human strain of L. loa (targeted on the repeat 3 region of the gene encoding the 15 kDa polyprotein: 15r3) amplified at 366 bp sequence from simian L. loa genomic DNA and blood lysates from mandrills infected with simian L. loa. This nested-PCR assay has been tested on 12 amicrofilaremic (AMF) mandrills (without filarial microfilariae) and was positive in four mandrills. The nested-PCR product derived from simian L. loa genomic DNA and from three of four AMF mandrills has been sequenced. No difference was observed between the four sequences, which, in addition, were 99.18% identical to the 15r3 of human L. loa. Therefore, the 15r3 sequence is conserved within human and simian L. loa. These results suggest that the four PCR-pusitive mandrills without circulating microfilariae had occult simian L. loa infections. The study demonstrates the ability of a nested-PCR assay to identify animals naturally infected with simian L. loa.
  279. Université de l'Etat à Elisabethville. 1963. Symposium on the Biogeographical Problems of the Upemba National Park. Publications De L'Université D'Élisabethville, V. 6: Publications De L'Université D'Elisabethville, v. 6. Elisabethville.
  280. Untermaier, Jean, Socit franaise pour le droit de l'environnement, IUCN Commission on Environmental Policy, Law, and Administration, and International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 1991. Legal aspects of the conservation of wetlands papers presented at an international conference held in Lyon, 23-26 September 1987. IUCN Environmental Policy and Law Paper: The IUCN Conservation Library, no. 25. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
  281. Vanleeuwe, Hilde, Simona Cajani, and Annie Gautier Hion. Large mammals at forest clearings in the Odzala National Park, Congo: Revue D'ecologie La Terre Et La Vie 53(2), Avril-Juin, 1998: 171-180, Illustr.
  282. Vanleeuwe, Hilde, Annie Gautier Hion, and Simona Cajani. Forest clearings and the conservation of elephants (Loxodonta africana cyclotis) in north-east Congo Republic: Pachyderm 24, Jul-Dec, 1997: 46-52, Illustr.
  283. Verschuren, J. Burundi and wildlife: problems of an overcrowded country: Oryx 14(3) 1978: 237-240, Illustr.
  284. ———. Les habitats et la grande faune: evolution et situation recente: Exploration Du Parc National Des Virunga 29 1993: 1-133, Illustr.
  285. ———. Habitats, mammiferes et conservation du Congo: Bulletin De L'institut Royal Des Sciences Naturelles De Belgique Biologie 59 1989: 169-179, Illustr.
  286. ———. Observations des habitats et de la faune apres soixante ans de conservation: Exploration Du Parc National Des Virunga 26 1986: 1-44, Illustr.
  287. ———. Le Zaire a sauve l'animal le plus rare de la planete: Zoo Anvers 55(2) 1989: 34-43, Illustr.
  288. von Richter, W. Problems and limitations of nature conservation in developing countries. A case study in Zaire: Erdelen, W., Ishwaran, N. & Muller, P. [Eds]. Tropical Ecosystems: Systems Characteristics, Utilization Patterns, and Conservation Issues. Proceedings of the International and Interdisciplinary Symposium, Saarbrucken, Germany, 15-18 June 1989. Verlag Josef Margraf, Weikersheim. 1991: 1-202. Chapter Pagination: 185-194, Illustr.
  289. von Richter, W., J. Hart, T. Hart, A. Blom, M. Alers P T, F. Germi, R. Minne, K. Smith, F. Smith, and J. Verschuren. Zaire: East, R. Antelopes. Global Survey and Regional Action Plans. Part 3. West and Central Africa. Iucn, Gland, Switzerland. 1990: I-Iv, 1-171. Chapter Pagination: 126-138, Illustr.
  290. Wamukoya, G. M, Rodney V Salm, World Wildlife Fund, United States National Marine Fisheries Service, Kenya Wildlife Service, IUCN East Africa Regional Office, and IUCN Eastern Africa Programme. 1998. Report of the western Indian Ocean turtle excluder device (TED) training workshop Bandari College, Mombasa, Kenya, 27-31 January 1997. Nairobi, Kenya, Washington, DC, USA: The Office. IUCN/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group.
  291. Watterson, Gerald G, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and Unesco. 1963. CCTA/IUCN Symposium on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources in Modern African States: Conservation of nature and natural resources in modern African States report of a symposium organized by CCTA and IUCN and held under the auspices of FAO and UNESCO at Arusha, Tanganyika, September 1961. IUCN Publications, new ser., no.1. Morges, Switzerland: International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.
  292. Weber, A. W., and Amy Vedder. Population dynamics of the Virunga gorillas: 1959-1978: Biological Conservation 26(4) 1983: 341-366, Illustr.
  293. Wells, Sue, Robert Michael Pyle, N. Mark Collins, IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, and Species Survival Commission. 1983. The IUCN invertebrate red data book. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
  294. White, F. J, and R. Susman L. Program for the confiscation and protection of contraband pygmy and common chimpanzees in the Republic of Zaire: Primate Conservation No. 7 1986: 59-60, Illustr.
  295. Whitmore, T. C, Jeffrey Sayer, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, General Assembly, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Commission on Ecology, and IUCN Forest Conservation Programme. 1992. Tropical deforestation and species extinction. 1st ed ed. London, New York: Chapman & Hall.
  296. Wilkie, David S., and J. F. Carpenter. 1999. Bushmeat Hunting in the Congo Basin: an Assessment of Impacts and Options for Mitigation. Biodiversity and Conservation 8, no. 7: 927-55.
    Abstract: Hunting of wild animals is an important component of household economies in the Congo Basin. Results from the growing corpus of quantitative studies show that: a) bushmeat remains the primary source of animal protein for the majority of Congo Basin families; b) bushmeat hunting can constitute a significant source of revenue for forest families; c) bushmeat consumption by low density populations living in the forest may be sustainable at present; d) demand for bushmeat by growing numbers of urban consumers has created a substantial market for bushmeat that is resulting in a halo of defaunation around population centres, and may be driving unsustainable levels of hunting, even in relatively isolated regions; and e) large bodied animals with low reproductive rates are most susceptible to over-exploitation compared with more r-selected species that apparently can tolerate relatively intensive hunting (Mangel et al. 1996). As urban populations continue to grow and economies revitalise, unless action is taken to alter the demand for, and the supply of bushmeat, the forests of the Congo Basin will be progressively stripped of certain wildlife species, risking their extirpation or extinction, and the loss of values they confer to local economies. Consequently, it is essential that a) logging companies are encouraged or coerced not to facilitate bushmeat hunting and transportation in their concessions, b) we develop a better understanding of the elasticity of bushmeat demand, c) that pilot bushmeat substitution projects are supported and their impact on demand evaluated, and d) social marketing activities are put in place to attempt to direct consumer preferences for animal protein away from bushmeat species that are particularly susceptible to over-exploitation.
  297. Wilkie, David S., Bryan Curran, Richard Tshombe, and Gilda A. Morelli. 1998. Managing Bushmeat Hunting in Okapi Wildlife Reserve, Democratic Republic of Congo. Oryx 32, no. 2: 131-44.
    Abstract: Projected rates of agricultural clearing in the Ituri Forest of north-eastern Democratic Republic of Congo range from 0 to 0.1 per cent per year and suggest that deforestation for subsistence agriculture is not an immediate threat to the integrity of the Okapi Wildlife Reserve (OWR). If the human population continues to grow at over 3 per cent per annum, and bushmeat continues to be a major source of income for rural communities, subsistence-level exploitation of bushmeat may, however, not be sustainable. This paper proposes management approaches that address the demand for and supply of bushmeat, which are targeted at those political districts within the OWR where hunting is the greatest threat to populations of bushmeat species. These management approaches are designed to help conserve the Ituri's natural resources without compromising the health and income security of rural communities.
  298. Wilkie, David S, Bryan Curran, Richard Tshombe, and Gilda A Morelli. Managing bushmeat hunting in Okapi Wildlife Reserve, Democratic Republic of Congo: Oryx 32(2), April, 1998: 131-144, Illustr.
  299. ———. Modeling the sustainability of subsistence farming and hunting in the Ituri Forest of Zaire: Conservation Biology 12(1), February, 1998: 137-147, Illustr.
  300. Wilkie, David S., J. Sidle, and G. Boundzanga. Mechanized logging, market hunting, and a bank loan in Congo: Conservation Biology 6(4) 1992: 570-580, Illustr.
  301. Wilson, J. R, and M. Catsis C. A preliminary study of the forests of the 'Itombwe' Mountains and the Kahuzi-Biega National Park extension, east Zaire, July-September 1989: Wwf, Godalming. 1990: I-Iv, 1-53, Illustr.
  302. Witte, Gaston-François de, H Damas, Institut national pour la conservation de la nature de la République du Zaïre, and Fondation pour favoriser les recherches scientifiques en Afrique (Belgium). 1973-. Exploration du Parc national des Virunga. Missions G.F. de Witte (1933-1935) et H. Damas (1935-1936) / recherches entreprises par l'Institut national pour la conservation de la nature de la République du Zaïre. Bruxelles: Fondation pour favoriser les recherches scientifiques en Afrique.
    Abstract: Table of Contents: fasc. 1. A taxonomic revision of the Nematode species ... from National Virunga Park (Zaïre Republic). 1. Dorylaimidae, Aporcelaimidae, and Longidoridae / by Q.H. Baqri and A. Coomans.
  303. Wolfire, Deanna M, Jake Brunner, Nigel Sizer, and Forest Frontiers Initiative (World Resources Institute). 1998. Forests and the Democratic Republic of Congo: opportunity in a time of crisis. 28 p. : col. map ; 28 cm.
  304. Won wa Musiti, B. Problems of management of the elephant and considerations on the forests of Central Africa.: Pachyderm 22 1996: 88-91, Illustr.
  305. Woodroffe, Rosie, Joshua Ross Ginsberg, David W Macdonald, and IUCN/SSC Candid Specialist Group. 1997. The African wild dog status survey and conservation action plan. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
  306. World Confederation of Organizations of the Teaching Profession, and International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 1977. WCOTP/IUCN Pilot Seminar on Environment Education Methodology in East Africa: Final report. Morges, Switzerland: World Confederation of Organizations of the Teaching Profession.
  307. World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1988. Zaire, conservation of biological diversity. Cambridge, U.K: World Conservation Monitoring Centre.
  308. World Conservation Monitoring Centre, and IUCN Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas. 1991-1992. Protected areas of the world a review of national systems. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
  309. World Conservation Monitoring Centre, and IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas. 1998. 1997 United Nations list of protected areas. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/UICN.
  310. Yamagiwa, J. Present status and conservation of sympatric populations of gorillas and chimpanzees: Primate Research 9(2), October 1993: 195-206, Illustr.
  311. Yamagiwa, J., Tamaki Maruhashi, Y. Hamada, T. Yumoto, and N. Mwanza. On the present status and conservation of Primates inhabiting montane and tropical rain forests in the west of Lake Kivu, Zaire: Primate Research 4(1) 1988: 66-82, Illustr.
  312. Yamagiwa, J., N. Mwanza, A. Spangenberg, Tamaki Maruhashi, T. Yumoto, A. Fischer, and B. Steinhauer Burkart. A census of the eastern lowland gorillas Gorilla gorilla graueri in Kahuzi-Biega National Park with reference to mountain gorillas G. g. beringei in the Virunga region, Zaire: Biological Conservation 64(1) 1993: 83-89, Illustr.
  313. Yamagiwa, J., N. Mwanza, T. Yumoto, and Tamaki Maruhashi. Travel distances and food habits of eastern lowland gorillas: a comparative analysis: Itoigawa, N., Sugiyama, Y., Sackett, G.p. & Thompson, R.k.r. [Eds]. Topics in Primatology. Volume 2. Behavior, Ecology and Conservation. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo. 1992: I-Ix, 1-412. Chapter Pagination: 267-281, Illustr.
  314. Yamagiwa, Juichi. 1999. Socioecological Factors Influencing Population Structure of Gorillas and Chimpanzees. Primates 40, no. 1: 87-104.
    Abstract: Differences in distribution and density between gorillas and chimpanzees are reconsidered with special reference to population structure. Both ecological and social factors influencing population structure are compared between species and between habitats within species. Gorillas and chimpanzees respond differently to a decline in food quality, such as fruit scarcity: gorillas change diet and decrease range, while chimpanzees do not change diet but may expand range. These responses result in different effects on their grouping patterns. For gorillas the dispersed distribution and reduction of range size decreases the rate of inter-unit encounters and female transfer. The concentration of social units increases the rate of aggressive contact between units and stimulates female transfer. Social units of gorillas may crowd or disperse in order to attain the optimal density. This tendency may result in similar densities of gorillas across habitats. By contrast, the distribution patterns or range size may not affect inter-unit relationships of chimpanzees. Within a single unit-group, various reproductive strategies are adopted by both sexes. Independent travel of females and flexible grouping patterns enable them to survive at very low density in extraordinary large ranges. Density and inter-unit relationships are good criteria for a healthy population of gorillas, while the size of unit-group and inter-individual relationships are good criteria for chimpanzees. Conservation planners should consider these differences for sympatric and allopatric survival in these species.