Congo bibliography: Mammalia L-Z

Mammalia A-K

Lang, E. M. Some remarks about the okapi: Izn (International Zoo News) 25(3) 1978: 25-27, Illustr.
Lang, Herbert. 1925. Collection of papers, 1908-1925. New York, N.Y: American Museum of Natural history.
———. 1925. How squirrels and other rodents carry their young.
———. 1923. A new genus of African monkey, Allenopithecus / by Herbert Lang.American Museum Congo Expedition. American Museum Novitates, no. 87. no. 7. New York City: American Museum of Natural History.
———. 1958. Papers. New York, N.Y: American Museum of Natural History.
———. 1920. The White Rhinoceros of the Belgian Congo. New York: N.Y. Zoological Soc.
Lang, Herbert, and American Museum of Natural History. 1900m. Congo Expedition records. 12 v.
Lanjouw, A., G. Cummings, and J. Miller. Gorilla conservation problems and activities in North Kivu, eastern Zaire (February, 1996): African Primates 1(2), December 1995: 44-46, Illustr.
Leirs, Herwig, James N Mills, John W Krebs, James E Childs, Dudu Akaibe, Neal Woollen, George Ludwig, Clarence J Peters, and T. G Ksiazek. Search for the Ebola virus reservoir in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo: reflections on a vertebrate collection: Journal of Infectious Diseases 179(Supplement 1), February, 1999: S155-S163, Illustr.
Leuthold, Walter. 1977. African ungulates : a comparative review of their ethology and behavioral ecology. Zoophysiology and Ecology, v. 8. Berlin ; New York: Springer-Verlag.
Lewis, I. The spider and the pangolin: Man (London) 26(3) 1991: 513-525, Illustr.
Lewison, Rebecca. Infanticide in the hippopotamus: evidence for polygynous ungulates: Ethology Ecology & Evolution 10(3), September, 1998: 277-286, Illustr.
Lindsey, Susan Lyndaker, Mary Neel Green, and Cynthia L Bennett. 1999. The Okapi: mysterious animal of Congo-Zaire. 1st ed ed. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Linfield, M. On the trail of the original gorilla: Bbc Wildlife 11(2), February 1993: 46-53, Illustr.
Linthicum, K., and C. P. Bailey. Ecology of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: Sonenshine, D.e. & Mather, T.n. [Eds]. Ecological Dynamics of Tick-Borne Zoonoses. Oxford University Press, New York & Oxford. 1994: I-Xvi, 1-447. Chapter Pagination: 392-437, Illustr.
Logan, T., K. Linthicum, C. P. Bailey, D. Watts, D. Dohm, and J. Moulton. Replication of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in four species of ixodid ticks (Acari) infected experimentally: Journal of Medical Entomology 27(4) 1990: 537-542, Illustr.
Logan, T., K. Linthicum, C. P. Bailey, D. Watts, and J. Moulton. Experimental transmission of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus by Hyalomma truncatum Koch: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 40(2) 1989: 207-212, Illustr.
Luckins, A. G, C Llewelyn, C. D Munro, and M Murray. Effects of pathogenic trypanosomes on the mammalian reproductive system. Nuclear and Related Techniques in Animal Production and Health : Proceedings of an International Symposium / Jointly Organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency ... [Et Al.]: p. 351-63.
Madden, C. T. Primitive Stegotetrabelodon from latest Miocene of subsaharan Africa (Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae): Revue De Zoologie Africaine 96(4) 1982: 782-796, Illustr.
Mafama, N. N, T. Manya, and M. Kalombo. Epidemiologie des salmonelloses chez quelques especes animales au Zaire: Revue D'elevage Et De Medecine Veterinaire Des Pays Tropicaux 35(3) 1982[1983]: 221-224, Illustr.
Magliocca, F., S. Querouil, and Annie Gautier Hion. 1999. Population Structure and Group Composition of Western Lowland Gorillas in North-Western Republic of Congo. American Journal of Primatology 48, no. 1: 1-14.
Abstract: Population studies are an essential part of conservation actions. Under exceptional observation conditions we studied a western lowland gorilla population visiting the Maya salt-clearing (north of the Pare national d'Odzala, P.N.O., Congo) over an 8 month period; 36 groups and 18 solitary individuals (a total of 420 individuals) have been identified visiting the clearing, which suggests a high gorilla density in the region. Ninety-six percent of the gorillas entered the clearing in groups. One-male groups had a mean size of 11.2. Ninety percent of solitary individuals were silver-back males. Compared with other populations of both lowland gorillas and mountain gorillas, the Maya population had the highest immature rate and the highest number of infants per female. Ecological correlates that could explain the attractiveness of the Maya clearing are discussed. The present status and the renewal rate of the Maya population indicate the need for further studies and confirm the importance of developing eco-tourism in this region as part of the sustainable park management activities developed by the ECOFAC programme (European Union). The results also provide arguments to support the proposal for extending the P.N.O. to include this region, which is rich in salt-clearings and attracts many other key-species of mammal such as forest elephants. Am. J. Primatol. 48:1-14, 1999. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Maisels, F., Annie Gautier Hion, and J. P. Gautier. Diets of two sympatric colobines in Zaire: more evidence on seed-eating in forests on poor soils: International Journal of Primatology 15(5), October 1994: 681-701, Illustr.
Maisels, F., J. P Gautier, A. J. Cruickshank, and J. P Bosefe. Attacks by crowned hawk eagles (Stephanoaetus coronatus) on monkeys in Zaire: Folia Primatologica 61(3), May 1993(1994): 157-159.
Makumyaviri, M. A. Un apercu de la repartition geographique de Glossina sp. (Diptera: Glossinidae) au Zaire: Revue De Medecine Veterinaire (Toulouse) 137(2) 1986: 107-109, Illustr.
Malbrant, René. 1952. Faune du Centre africain français (mammifères et oiseaux) Préf. de M. Bourdelle. Encyclopédie Biologique, 15. Paris: P. Lechevalier.
Malekani, M., V. Kumar, and V. Pandey S. Hepatic capillariasis in edible Cricetomys spp. (Rodentia: Cricetidae) in Zaire and its possible public health implications: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 88(5), October 1994: 569-572, Illustr.
Malenky, R. K., Suehisa Kuroda, E. Vineburg, and R. W. Wrangham. The significance of terrestrial herbaceous foods for bonobos, chimpanzees, and gorillas: Wrangham, R.w., Mcgrew, W.c., De Waal, F.b.m. & Heltne, P.g. [Eds]. Chimpanzee Cultures. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England. 1994: I-Xxiii, 1-424. Chapter Pagination: 59-75, Illustr.
Malenky, R. K, and E. Stiles W. Distribution of terrestrial herbaceous vegetation and its consumption by Pan paniscus in the Lomako Forest, Zaire: American Journal of Primatology 23(3) 1991: 153-169, Illustr.
Malenky, R. K, N. Thompson Handler, and R. Susman L. Conservation status of Pan paniscus: Heltne, P.g. & Marquardt, L.a. [Eds]. Understanding Chimpanzees. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England. 1989: I-Xviii, 1-407. Chapter Pagination: 362-368, Illustr.
Malenky, R. K, and R. Wrangham W. A quantitative comparison of terrestrial herbaceous food consumption by Pan paniscus in the Lomako Forest, Zaire, and Pan troglodytes in the Kibale Forest, Uganda: American Journal of Primatology 32(1) 1994: 1-12, Illustr.
Malenky, R. K., R. W. Wrangham, C. A. Chapman, and E. Vineberg. Measuring chimpanzee food abundance: Tropics 2(4), November 1993: 231-244, Illustr.
Mankoto, M. O. La gestion du Parc National de Kahuzi-Biega (Zaire): Cahiers D'ethologie Appliquee 8(3) 1988: 447-449, Illustr.
———. La situation des rhinoceros blancs (Ceratotherium simum cottoni) au parc national de la Garamba (Zaire): Cahiers D'ethologie Appliquee 8(3) 1988: 450-456, Illustr.
Mankoto, M. O, J. Yamagiwa, B. Steinhauer Burkart, N. Mwanza, Tamaki Maruhashi, and T. Yumoto. Conservation of eastern lowland gorilla in the Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Zaire: Thierry, B., Anderson, J.r., Roeder, J.j. & Herrenschmidt, N. [Eds]. Current Primatology. Volume 1: Ecology and Evolution. Universite Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg. 1994: I-X, 1-398. Chapter Pagination: 113-122, Illustr.
Manokhina, N V, and E V Kotenkova. The hutia of Congo (Capromys pilorides): response of males to the olfactory cues of different sex individuals: Sokolov, V.e. [Ed.]. [Issledovaniya Fauny Kuby.] Investigations on the Cuban Fauna. Nauka, Moskva. 1993: 1-161. Chapter Pagination: 159-160.
Marechal, C., C Maurois, and C Chamberlan. 1998. Size (and structure) of forest elephants groups (Loxodonta africana cyclotis Matschie, 1900) in the Odzala National Park, Republic of Congo. Mammalia 62, no. (2): 297-300, Illustr.
Marennikova, S. S. 'White-wild' (variola-like) poxvirus strains from rodents in equatorial Africa: Acta Virologica (Prague) (English Edition) 20(1) 1976: 80-82, Illustr.
Marennikova, S. S, E. Shelukhina M, L. Khodakevich N, and N. Yanova N. Isolation of monkey pox virus from a wild African squirrel: Voprosy Virusologii 31(2) 1986: 238-241, Illustr.
Mate, C., M. Colell, and M. Escobar. Preliminary observations on the ecology of forest Cercopithecidae in the Lokofe-Ikomaloki Region (Ikela, Zaire): Folia Primatologica 64(4), January 1995(1996): 196-200, Illustr.
Mathiot, C., D. Fontenille, J. Digoutte, and P. Coulanges. First isolation of Congo-Crimean haemorrhagic fever virus in Madagascar: Annales De L'institut Pasteur Virology 139(2) 1988: 239-241, Illustr.
Matschie, Paul. 1906. Études sur la faune mammalogique du Congo. Annales Du Musée Du Congo. Zoologie. Sér.5, T. 1, Fasc.1 [i.e. Sér.2, T. 2, Fasc.1]: Annales Du Musée Du Congo, t. 2, fasc. 1. Bruxelles.
Maurois, C., C. Chamberlan, and C. Marechal. 1997. An Outline of the Diet of Forest Elephants, Loxodonta Africana Cyclotis, in the Parc National D'odzala, Republic of the Congo. Mammalia 61, no. 1: 127-30.
Mbemba, C., and E. Mambou. Lexique des noms vernaculaires des mammiferes du Congo meridional: Tauraco Research Report No. 4 1991: 311-318.
Mbenza, M., K. Aloni, and M. Lubuimi L. Le role des rats-taupes dans la mise en place actuelle de certains pavages residuels des sols des regions tropicales humides a saisons contrastees: Geo-Eco-Trop 11(1-4) 1987[1989]: 127-137, Illustr.
McGraw, S. Census, habitat preference, and polyspecific associations of six monkeys in the Lomako Forest, Zaire: American Journal of Primatology 34(4) 1994: 295-307, Illustr.
McGrew. W. C. (William Clement), Linda F. Linda Frances Marchant, and Toshisada Nishida, editors. 1996. Great ape societies. [foreword by Jane Goodall ; afterword by Junichiro Itani]. Jane Goodall, and Junichiro Itani. Cambridge ; New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press.
Abstract: Table of Contents: Foreword : conserving great apes / Jane Goodall Toward an understanding of the orangutan's social system / Carel P. van Schaik and Jan A.R.A.M. van Hooff Comparative socio-ecology of gorillas / David P. Watts Comparative socio-ecology of Pan paniscus / Frances J. White Social ecology of Kanyawara chimpanzees : implications for understanding the costs of great ape groups / Richard W. Wrangham ... [et al.] Ranging and social structure of lowland gorillas in the Lopé Reserve, Gabon / Caroline E.G. Tutin Sympatric chimpanzees and gorillas in the Ndoki Forest, Congo / Suehisa Kuroda ... [et al.] Dietary and ranging overlap in sympatric gorillas and chimpanzees in Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Zaïre / Juichi Yamagiwa ... [et al.] Social grouping in Taï chimpanzees / Christophe Boesch Coalition strategies among adult male chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania / Toshisada Nishida and Kazuhiko Hosaka Male rank order and copulation rate in a unit-group of bonobos at Wamba, Zaïre / Takayoshi Kano Comparing copulations of chimpanzees and bonobos : do females exhibit proceptivity or receptivity? / Yukio Takahata, Hiroshi Ihobe and Gen'ichi Idani Conflict as negotiation / Frans B.M. de Waal Language perceived : paniscus branches out / E. Sue Savage-Rumbaugh ... [et al.] Reciprocation in apes : from complex cognition to self-structuring / Charlotte K. Hemelrijk Chimpanzee intelligence in nature and in captivity : isomorphism of symbol use and tool use / Tetsuro Matsuzaw Comparative positional behavior of the African apes / Diane M. Doran Nest building behavior in the great apes : the great leap forward? / Barbara Fruth and Gottfried Hohmann Comparative studies of African ape vocal behavior / John C. Mitani On which side of the apes? Ethological study of laterality of hand use / William C. McGrew and Linda F. Marchant Savanna chimpanzees, referential models and the last common ancestor / Jim Moore Reconstructions reconsidered : chimpanzee models and human evolution / Adrienne Zihlman Afterword : a new milestone in great ape research / Junichiro Itani.
McNeilage, A. Ecotourism and mountain gorillas in the Virunga Volcanoes: Taylor, V.j. & Dunstone, N. [Eds]. The Exploitation of Mammal Populations. Chapman & Hall, London, Weinheim Etc. 1996: I-Xx, 1-415. Chapter Pagination: 334-344, Illustr.
Meder, A., P. Burgel H, and C. Bresch. Pan paniscus in Salonga National Park: Primate Conservation No. 9 1988: 110-111, Illustr.
Meester, J. A. J. 1971. The Mammals of Africa : an identification manual.Henry W. Setzer. City of Washington : Smithsonian Institution Press ; New York, N.Y. : Distributed in the U.S. and Canada by G. Braziller, c1971..
———. 1966-. Preliminary identification manual for African mammals. Washington: Smithsonian Institution.
Meier, Florian. Recherches sur la variole des singes. Un exemple de collaboration entre le museum et l'organisation mondiale de la sante: Musees De Geneve No. 212 1981: 8-15, Illustr.
Meirte, D. New data on Casinycteris argynnis Thomas 1910, (Megachiroptera, Pteropidae): Koninklijk Museum Voor Midden-Afrika Tervuren Belgie Annalen Zoologische Wetenschappen 237 1983: 9-17, Illustr.
Meredith, M. The ivory trade in Congo: Ivory Trade Review Group. The Ivory Trade and the Future of the African Elephant. Volume 2. Technical Reports. Ivory Trade Review Group, International Development Centre, 21 St.giles, Oxford, Ox1 3la. 1989: 700pp[Unpaginated]. Chapter Pagination: 5pp., Illustr.
Mertens, H. Determination de l'age chez le topi (Damaliscus korrigum Ogilby) au Parc National des Virunga (Zaire): Mammalia 48(3) 1984: 425-435, Illustr.
———. Recensements aeriens des principaux ongules du Parc National des Virgunga, Zaire: Terre Et La Vie 38(1) 1983: 51-64, Illustr.
———. Structure de population et tables de survie des buffles, topis et cobs de buffon au Parc National des Virunga, Zaire: Terre Et La Vie 40(1) 1985: 33-51, Illustr.
Merz, G. Conservation of the eastern lowland gorilla: Primate Report No. 29 1991: 65-70, Illustr.
———. Regenwaldschutz in Ostzaire: Der Kahuzi-Biega-Nationalpark: Natur Und Museum (Frankfurt Am Main) 125(9), September 1995: 261-271, Illustr.
Mihok, S, L. H Otieno, and C. S Tarimo. 1992. Trypanosome infection rates in tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) and cattle during tsetse control operations in the Kagera River region of Rwanda. Bulletin of Entomological Research 82 , no. 3: 361-67.
Mishkin S R. Congo designates million-acre National Park to protect rainforest wilderness: African Wildlife Update 3(1), Jan-Feb 1994: 1, Illustr.
Mitani, J. C, and J. Gros Louis. Species and sex differences in the screams of chimpanzees and bonobos: International Journal of Primatology 16(3), June 1995: 393-411, Illustr.
Mitani, M. A note on primate fauna of northern Congo: Primate Research 6(1) 1990: 18-29, Illustr.
———. A note on the present situation of the primate fauna found from south-eastern Cameroon to northern Congo: Primates 31(4) 1990: 625-634, Illustr.
———. Preliminary results of the studies on wild western lowland gorillas and other sympatric diurnal primates in the Ndoki Forest, northern Congo: Itoigawa, N., Sugiyama, Y., Sackett, G.p. & Thompson, R.k.r. [Eds]. Topics in Primatology. Volume 2. Behavior, Ecology and Conservation. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo. 1992: I-Ix, 1-412. Chapter Pagination: 215-224, Illustr.
Mitani, M., Juichi Yamagiwa, Rufin A. Oko, J. M Moutsambote, Takakazu Yumoto, and Tamaki Maruhashi. Approaches in density estimates and reconstruction of social groups in a western lowland gorilla population in the Ndoki Forest, northern Congo: Tropics 2(4), November 1993: 219-229, Illustr.
Mitchelmore, F., K. Beardsley, R. Barnes, and I. Douglas Hamilton. Elephant population estimates for the central African forests: Ivory Trade Review Group. The Ivory Trade and the Future of the African Elephant. Volume 2. Technical Reports. Ivory Trade Review Group, International Development Centre, 21 St.giles, Oxford, Ox1 3la. 1989: 700pp[Unpaginated]. Chapter Pagination: 9pp., Illustr.
Moloo, S. K, R. O Olubayo, J. M Kabata, and I. O Okumu. 1992. A comparison of African buffalo, N'Dama and Boran cattle as reservoirs of Trypanosoma congolense for different Glossina species. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 6 , no. 3: 225-30.
Montero, J. Recent hunting of various mountain gorillas during 1995.: Quercus 120, Febrero 1996: 34, Illustr.
Mori, Akio. An ethological study of pygmy chimpanzees in Wamba, Zaire: a comparison with chimpanzees: Primates 25(3) 1984: 255-278, Illustr.
———. The meaning of agonistic behavior in a wild group of bonobos (Pan paniscus) - a use of story analysis: Primate Research 10(3), December 1994: 229-251, Illustr.
Morland, Hilary Simons. Looking for Grauer's gorilla: Wildlife Conservation 98(5), September-October 1995: 46-53, Illustr.
Morris, J. Frugivores in Salonga National Park, Zaire: Oryx 26(3) 1992: 178.
Moutsambote, J., T. Yumoto, M. Mitani, T. Nishihara, Sigeru Suzuki, and Suehisa Kuroda. Vegetation and list of plant species identified in the Nouabale-Ndoki Forest, Congo: Tropics 3(3-4), March 1994: 277-293, Illustr.
Mposhy, M., C. Binemo Madi, and B. Mudakikwa. Incidence de la tuberculose bovine sur la sante des populations du nord Kivu (Zaire): Revue D'elevage Et De Medecine Veterinaire Des Pays Tropicaux 36(1) 1983: 15-18, Illustr.
Mugangu, T., and M. L. Jr. Hunter. Aquatic foraging by Hippopotamus in Zaire: response to food shortage?: Mammalia 56(3) 1992: 345-349, Illustr.
Mugangu, T., M. L. Jr Hunter, and J. Gilbert. Food, water, and predation: a study of habitat selection by buffalo in Virunga National Park, Zaire: Mammalia 59(3) 1995: 349-362, Illustr.
Mugangu Trinto, E. Sur l'ecoethologie comparee du cob de roseaux et du topi du Parc National des Virunga. 1. Considerations competitives et evolutionnaires: Mammalia 53(4) 1989: 511-524, Illustr.
Murnyak, D. F. Censusing the gorillas in Kahuzi-Biega National Park: Biological Conservation 21(3) 1981: 163-176, Illustr.
———. The gorillas of Kahuzi-Biega, Zaire: African Wildlife 36(3) 1982: 87-91, Illustr.
Musée du Congo, ed. 1906. Annales Du Musée Du Congo. Bruxelles: le Musée.
Musée du Congo belge, ed. 1944. Annales Du Musée Du Congo Belge Annalen Van Het Museum Van Belgisch Congo. C, Dierkunde. Reeks II. Tervuren, Belgique: Le Musée.
Mwanza, N., J. Yamagiwa, T. Yumoto, and Tamaki Maruhashi. Distribution and range utilization of eastern lowland gorillas: Itoigawa, N., Sugiyama, Y., Sackett, G.p. & Thompson, R.k.r. [Eds]. Topics in Primatology. Volume 2. Behavior, Ecology and Conservation. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo. 1992: I-Ix, 1-412. Chapter Pagination: 283-300, Illustr.
Nadchatram, M., and A. Fain. Description of a new species of Gahrliepia from Zaire (Acari: Prostigmata: Trombiculidae): Revue De Zoologie Africaine 94(3) 1980: 521-524, Illustr.
Nadchatram, M., and F. Puylaert. A new and unusual species of Gahrliepia (Acari, Trombiculidae) from a rare African insectivore: Revue De Zoologie Africaine 101(4) 1987: 469-472, Illustr.
Ndunda, M., Tamaki Maruhashi, T. Yumoto, and J. Yamagiwa. Conservation of eastern lowland gorillas in the Masisi region, Zaire: Primate Conservation No. 9 1988: 111-114, Illustr.
Nganga, I., G. Makosso Vheiye, and J. Fay. Congo: East, R. Antelopes. Global Survey and Regional Action Plans. Part 3. West and Central Africa. Iucn, Gland, Switzerland. 1990: I-Iv, 1-171. Chapter Pagination: 120-126, Illustr.
Nicoll, Martin E., Galen B. Rathbun, and Tree-Shrew and Elephant-Shrew Specialist Group IUCN/SSC Insectivore. 1990. African Insectivora and elephant-shrews : an action plan for their conservation. IUCN/SSC Action Plans for the Conservation of Biological Diversity, [16]. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
Nishihara, T. 1995. Feeding Ecology of Western Lowland Gorillas in the Nouabale-Ndoki National Park, Congo. Primates.
Abstract: The feeding ecology of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) living in the Nouabale-Ndoki National Park, northern Congo, was surveyed for one full year. This is the first record to make clear the seasonal changes in the feeding habits of gorillas in a whole year, living in the primary lowland forest almost completely undisturbed. Fecal contents, feeding traces, and direct observation were analyzed with reference to a fruit availability survey. Although the gorillas fed largely on fruits in the forest, their basic diet was fibrous parts of plants, including shoots, young leaves, and bark. Terrestrial herbaceous vegetation, such as monocotyledons of the Marantaceae and aquatic herbs having much protein content and minerals, were frequently eaten even in the fruiting season. As these highly nutritious fibrous foods were superabundant all year, the major foods of the Ndoki gorillas seemed to be those plants. However, they selected fruits as their alternative food resources in the fruiting season. Gorillas foraged on many fruit species, while showing strong preferences for some particular species. The swamp forest, including marshy grasslands, was an important and regular habitat for the Ndoki gorillas
Nishihara, T. Feeding ecology of western lowland gorillas in the Nouabale-Ndoki National Park, Congo: Primates 36(2), April 1995: 151-168, Illustr.
———. A preliminary report on the feeding habits of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in the Ndoki Forest, northern Congo: Itoigawa, N., Sugiyama, Y., Sackett, G.p. & Thompson, R.k.r. [Eds]. Topics in Primatology. Volume 2. Behavior, Ecology and Conservation. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo. 1992: I-Ix, 1-412. Chapter Pagination: 225-240, Illustr.
Nishihara, T., and Suehisa Kuroda. Soil-scratching behaviour by western lowland gorillas: Folia Primatologica 57(1) 1991: 48-51, Illustr.
Noireau, F., A. Toudic, J. P. Gouteux, N. Bissadidi, J. L. Frezil, and J. Duteurtre. Les glossines de l'agglomeration brazzavilloise. 3. Role vecteur dans les trypanosomoses animales et humaine: Revue D'elevage Et De Medecine Veterinaire Des Pays Tropicaux 40(1) 1987: 67-69, Illustr.
Norton, B. The mountain gorilla: Swan Hill Press, Shrewsbury. 1990: 1-128, Illustr.
NSosso, D. Problems of management of the African elephant in Conkouati nature reserve at Kouilou (Congo).: Pachyderm 22 1996: 50-57, Illustr.
Oko, Rufin A. The present situation of conservation for wild gorillas in the Congo: Itoigawa, N., Sugiyama, Y., Sackett, G.p. & Thompson, R.k.r. [Eds]. Topics in Primatology. Volume 2. Behavior, Ecology and Conservation. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo. 1992: I-Ix, 1-412. Chapter Pagination: 241-243.
Pages, J. R, and A. Theron. Schistosoma intercalatum: variations morphologiques et biometriques des oeufs en relation avec la localisation chez l'hote definitif et l'origine geographique du parasite (Cameroun et Zaire): Annales De Parasitologie Humaine Et Comparee 64(3) 1989: 208-216, Illustr.
Pandey, G. S, A Mweene, A. K Suzuki, A Nambota, and T Kaji. 1994. Dermatophilosis (cutaneous streptothricosis) in kafue lechwe (Kobus leche kafuensis). Journal of Wildlife Diseases.
Abstract: Extensive dermatitis caused by Dermatophilus congolensis was identified in two kafue lechwe (Kobus leche kafuensis) in Lochinvar National Park of Zambia. The lesions were characterized by thickening of the skin crusts, and nodule formation. Almost all parts of the body were affected. Histologically there was an exudative dermatitis with acanthosis parakeratosis, hyperkeratosis, and an exudate rich in neutrophils. This is the first known report of dermatophilosis in lechwe
Pandey, V. S. Observations on gastro-intestinal helminths of zoo animals in Lubumbashi, Zaire - a coprological survey: Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa 26(4) 1978: 360, Illustr.
Pandey, V. S, and Z. Mbemba Z. Bovine cysticercosis in the Republic of Zaire: Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa 24(3) 1976: 321-324, Illustr.
Pandey, V. S, and A. Verhulst. Parasitic diseases of animals in the Republic of Zaire: Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa 24(3) 1976: 307-313, Illustr.
Pavlakis, P. P. Plio-Pleistocene Hippopotamidae from the Upper Semliki: Virginia Museum of Natural History Memoir No. 1 1990: 203-223, Illustr.
Pendje, G. La frugivorie de Civettictis civetta (Schreiber) et son role dans la dispersion des graines au Mayombe: Revue D'ecologie La Terre Et La Vie 49(2), Avril-Juin 1994: 107-116, Illustr.
Petter, A. J, and B. Brochier. Cercogylus africanus n. g., n. sp. (Angiostrongylidae, Metastrongyloidea, Nematoda), parasite du primate africain Cercocebus galeritus chrysogaster: Systematic Parasitology 13(3) 1989: 197-200, Illustr.
Petter, F. Les souris africaines du groupe sorella (rongeurs, murides): Mammalia 45(3) 1981: 313-320, Illustr.
Pickford, M. Late Miocene anthracothere (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from tropical Africa: Comptes Rendus De L'academie Des Sciences Serie Ii Mecanique-Physique-Chimie Sciences De L'univers Sciences De La Terre 313(6) 1991: 709-715, Illustr.
Pickford, M., B. Senut, J. Ambrosi P, R. Dechamps, M. Faure, D. van Damme, P. Texier J, Z. Baguma, and E. Musiime. Revision de la biostratigraphie du Neogene du Rift Occidental (Ouganda-Zaire): Comptes Rendus De L'academie Des Sciences Serie Ii Mecanique-Physique-Chimie Sciences De L'univers Sciences De La Terre 315(10) 1992: 1289-1292, Illustr.
Plumptre, Andrew J. Modelling the impact of large herbivores on the food supply of mountain gorillas and implications for management: Biological Conservation 75(2) 1996: 147-155, Illustr.
Poirriez, J., E. Dei Cas, L. Dujardin, and I. Landau. The blood-stages of Plasmodium georgesi, P. gonderi and P. petersi: course of untreated infection in their natural hosts and additional morphological distinctive features: Parasitology 111(5), December 1995: 547-554, Illustr.
Punga Kumanenge. Etude quantitative des populations de quelques ongules sauvages par la pratique des feux de brousse dans une zone non protegee du Zaire: territoira du Kasai occidental situe entre les rivieres Kasai et Loange et le parallele 6o sud: Revue De Zoologie Africaine 94(4) 1980: 940-950, Illustr.
Querouil, S., F. Magliocca, and Annie Gautier Hion. 1999. Structure of Population, Grouping Patterns and Density of Forest Elephants in North-West Congo. African Journal of Ecology 37, no. 2: 161-67.
Abstract: The structure of the population of forest elephants visiting a clearing in north-west Congo was studied over 8 months. Out of 3314 sightings, 629 elephants were identified (including 64% of adults). The sex ratio was about 1:1. The number of offspring per female was 1.12. Solitary elephants (91.4% of males) made up 35% of the population. Of females, 93.6% were grouped. Groups (mean size 3.5) included Females and offspring (3.4), males and females (5.0), or males only (2.3). The return rate of elephants at the clearing suggested that up to 1900 individuals have visited the clearing. This confirms that elephant densities are especially high in north Congo.
R, J. C. Situation alarmante des pongides - gorilles et chimpanzes - au Congo: Cahiers D'ethologie Appliquee 9(3) 1989: 416-418, Illustr.
Rahm, Urs, and A Christiaensen. 1963. Les mammifères de la région occidentale du lac Kivu. Annalen, nr. 118. Tervuren: Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale.
Rahm, Urs, A Christiaensen, and Urs Rahm. 1966. Les mammifères de l'île Idjwi (lac Kivu, Congo). Annalen. Reeks in-8o. Zoologische Wetenschappen: Annales. Série in-8o. Sciences Zoologiques: Annalen, nr. 149. Tervuren, Belgique: Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale.
Rahn, P. Ein Bericht uber eine Reise zu den Ostlichen Flachland- und den Berggorillas: Bongo 26 1996: 3-16, Illustr.
Ray, J. C. The life in sympatry of Xenogale naso and Atilax paludinosus in a central African forest: Small Carnivore Conservation 12, April 1995: 1-4, Illustr.
Rechav, Y. The ecology of the vectors of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Southern Africa: Dusbabek, F. & Buvka, V. [Eds]. Modern Acarology. Volume Ii: Proceedings of the 8 International Congress of Acarology Held in Ceske Budejovice, Czechoslovakia, 6-11 August 1990. Spb Academic Publishing, the Hague, the Netherlands. 1991: I-Ix, 1-779. Chapter Pagination: 93-99, Illustr.
Rechav, Y., M. Zeederberg E, and D. Zeller A. Dynamics of African tick (Acari: Ixodoidea) populations in a natural Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever focus: Journal of Medical Entomology 24(5) 1987: 575-583, Illustr.
Reduth, D, J. G Grootenhuis, R. O Olubayo, M Muranjan, F. P Otieno Omondi, G. A Morgan, R Brun, D. J. L Williams, and S. J Black. 1994. African buffalo serum contains novel trypanocidal protein. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology.
Abstract: The high ability of African buffalo, as compared to domestic cattle, to control infections with Trypanosoma brucei brucei ILTat 1.4 organisms did not correlate with the timing or magnitude of parasite surface coat-specific antibody responses and may have resulted from the constitutive presence in buffalo blood of a novel trypanocidal factor. Buffalo plasma and serum contained material that killed bloodstream stage T. b. brucei, T. b. rhodesiense, T. b. gambiense, T. evansi, T. congolense, and T. vivax organisms during four h of incubation at 37 degree C in vitro. Serum from eland was also trypanocidal whereas serum from oryx, waterbuck, yellow-back duiker, cattle, horse, sheep, goat, mouse, rat, and rabbit was not trypanocidal. The buffalo serum trypanocidal material was not lipoprotein, or IgG, and had the following properties: 1) a density of gt 1.24 g/ml determined by flotation ultracentrifugation; 2) insolubility in 50% saturated ammonium sulphate; 3) non-reactivity with anti-bovine IgM, and anti-bovine IgG; 4) non-reactivity with protein G, and protein A; 5) a relative molecular mass of 152 kDa determined by chromatography on Sephacryl S 300, and of 133 kDa determined by chromatography of the 50% SAS cut of IgG-depleted buffalo serum on Superose 12; 6) no associated cholesterol; and 7) inactivation by digestion with proteinase K that was immobilized on agarose
Reinartz, Gay E, and Gilbert K Boese. Bonobo conservation: the evolution of a zoological society program: Special Topics in Primatology 1, 1997: 215-225, Illustr.
Reiter, Paul, Michael Turell, Russell Coleman, Barry Miller, Gary O. Maupin, Jorge Liz, Ana Kuehne, James Barth, Joan Geisbert, D Dohm, Jason Glick, James Pecor, Richard Robbins, Peter B. Jahrling, Clarence J. Peters, and T. G. Ksiazek. Field investigations of an outbreak of Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995: arthropod studies: Journal of Infectious Diseases 179(Supplement 1), February, 1999: S148-S154, Illustr.
Reynolds, V. Some behavioral comparisons between the chimpanzee and the mountain gorilla in the wild: Sussman, R.w. [Ed.]. Primate Ecology: Problem Orientation Field Studies. John Wiley & Sons, New York, Chichester Etc. 1979: I-Xii, 1-596. Chapter Pagination: 323-339, Illustr.
Robbins, C. B, and E. van der Straeten. A new specimen of Malacomys verschureni from Zaire, central Africa: Revue De Zoologie Africaine 96(1) 1982: 216-220, Illustr.
Rosevear, D. R. 1965. The bats of West Africa. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History).
———. 1974. The carnivores of West Africa. London: British Museum (Natural History).
Rowe Rowe, D. T. Recent information on the Congo clawless otter: Iucn Otter Specialist Group Bulletin No. 5 1990: 24-27, Illustr.
Ruggiero, R. G. Interspecific feeding associations: mutualism and semi-parasitism between hippopotami Hippopotamus amphibius and African jacanas Actophilornis africanus: Ibis 138(2), April 1996: 346-348.
Ruggiero, R. G., and H. E. Eves. 1998. Bird-Mammal Associations in Forest Openings of Northern Congo (Brazzaville). African Journal of Ecology 36, no. 2: 183-93.
Abstract: Resident and migrant birds and several mammal species utilize natural forest openings to exploit foraging opportunities that are otherwise rare or absent in the dense forest of equatorial Africa. Certain bird species exhibit protocooperative and commensal relationships with these mammals. In a large marshy opening, five species of birds exploited the actions of large terrestrial mammals to flush prey, two species of birds used two species of aquatic mammals to expose prey, and another bird species fed directly on mammalian ectoparasites, African jacanas had a higher foraging rate when associated with gorillas and elephants than when alone, and great egrets had a higher capture efficiency when elephants were present. In a second opening, covered by a shallow, algae-laden pond, African jacanas, finfeet, and Hartlaub's ducks competed to remove arthropod ectoparasites from forest buffalo and bongo antelope, both of which consistently reacted to the alarm calls of jacanas and Hartlaub's ducks. At least ten species of birds directly benefit from associations with mammals. Indirect benefits were also noted as African jacanas, black crakes, and palm-nut vultures selected food items from elephant and buffalo dung.
Ruwet, J. C. Le chimpanze nain (Pan paniscus) du Zaire. Son etude et sa conservation: Cahiers D'ethologie Appliquee 7(4) 1987: 331-340, Illustr.
———. La mort d'un gorille des montagnes Gorilla gorilla beringei au Kivu ... en 1945: Cahiers D'ethologie Appliquee 7(2) 1987: 143-146, Illustr.
Ruwet, Jean-Claude. 1987. Dossier le chimpanzé nain Pan paniscus du Zaïre. Cahiers D'Éthologie Appliquée, vol. 7, fasc. 4 (1987). Liège, Belgique: Institut de Zoologie de l'Université de Liège.
Ryder, Oliver A, ed. 1993. Rhinoceros biology and conservation : proceedings of an international conference .Calif. International Rhino Conference (1991 : San Diego, and Zoological Society of San Diego. [San Diego, Calif.]: Zoological Society of San Diego.
Abstract: Table of Contents: Preface / Oliver A. Ryder, Ph.D. The present-day trade routes and markets for rhinoceros products / Esmond Bradley Martin Rhino population dynamics, illegal hunting and law enforcement in the lower Zambezi Valley in Zimbabwe / R.B. Martin Global management of rhinos / Thomas J. Foose What will it take to save the rhino? / Mark R. Stanley Price Theory and pragmatism in the conservation of rhinos / N. Leader-Williams Fifty million years of rhinoceros evolution / Donald R. Prothero Testing rhinoceros subspecies by multivariate analysis / Colin P. Groves Molecular genetic studies of Southern African rhinoceros / Eric H. Harley and Colleen O'Ryan Genetic differentiation of white rhinoceros subspecies: diagnostic differences in mitochondrial DNA and serum proteins / M. George, Jr., L.G. Chemnick, D. Cisova, E. Gabrisova, A. Stratil, and O.A. Ryder Molecular evolution in living species of rhinoceros, implications for conservation / George D. Amato, Mary Ashley and John Gatesy Determination of species and geographic origin of rhinoceros horn by isotopic analysis and its possible application to trade control / A.J. Hall-Martin, N.J. van der Merwe, J.A. Lee-Thorp, R.A. Armstrong, C.H. Mehl, S. Struben and R. Tykot Infrasound from the Rhinocerotidae / Elizabeth K. von Muggenthaler, John W. Stoughton, Joseph C. Daniel, Jr. Recent advances in reproductive monitoring of rhinos in captivity and in the wild / Joanne E. Hindle, J. Vahala and J.K. Hodges Progress in reproductive physiology research in rhinoceros / R.W. Godfrey, L. Srivastava, P.T. Russell and B.L. Dresser Reproductive procedures and restraint for rhinoceroses / N.E. Schaffer, R.S. Jeyendran and B. Beehler African rhinos: current numbers and distribution / C.K. Gakahu Conserving rhinos in Garamba National Park / Kes and Fraser Smith Strategies for the conservation of rhino in Zaire / Mbayama Atalia Development and management of rhino sanctuaries in South Africa: the effects of socio economic and political changes in southern Africa on developments / Nick Steele Development of the Zimbabwe national conservation strategy for black rhinoceros / W.K Nduku and R.B. Martin Greater one-horned rhinoceros populations in Nepal / Eric Dinerstein Space and habitat use by a small re-introduced population of greater one-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) in Royal Bardia National Park in Nepal. A preliminary report / Shant Raj Jnawali and Per Wegge Management of the reintroduced great one horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) in Dudhwa National Park Uttar Pradesh, India / S.P. Sinha and V.B. Sawarkar Genetic variation in the greater one-horned rhino and implications for population structure / Gary F. McCracken and E. Jean Brennan In-situ conservation of the Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis): a Malaysian experience / Mohd. Khan Bin Momin Khan, Burhanuddin Hj. Mohd. Nor, Ebil Yusof, Mustafa Abdul Rahman Conservation and management of Javan rhino (Rhinoceros sondaicus) in Vietnam / Charles Santiapillai, Pham Mong Giao, Vu Van Dung Conservation and management of Sumatran rhino(Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) in Indonesia / Charles Santiapillai, Kathy MacKinnon Conservation and management of Javan rhino (Rhinoceros sondaicus) in Indonesia / Widodo S. Ramono, Charles Santiapillai and Kathy MacKinnon Sumatran rhino (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) captive propagation in relation to its conservation / Linda Prasetyo and Muchidin Noordin Preliminary determination of nutritional requirements of the pregnant black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) / Petr Spala, Petr Hradecky Breeding experience with northern white rhinos (Ceratotherium simum cottoni) at Zoo Dvur Kralove / M. Svitalsky, J. Vahala, and P. Spala Management of translocated white rhino in South Africa / J.L. Anderson Rhinoceros SSP programs in North America: an overview / Robert W. Reece Rhinoceros breeding at the San Diego Wild Animal Park / Randy Rieches The management of black and Sumatran rhinos at Port Lympne Zoopark, U.K. / C. Furley Health concerns and veterinary research in the North American black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) population / R. Eric Miller Black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis capture and translocation techniques and boma management as used in Namibia / L. Geldenhuys Health data gained from black rhino immobilized for relocation / David A. Jessup, Michael D. Kock, Peter Morkel Capture and translocation of the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) in Zimbabwe: management modifications to reduce stress and mortalities / Michael D. Kock Veterinary management of three species of rhinoceroses in zoological collections / Richard A. Kock and Julia Garnier Pathological findings in captive rhinoceros / Richard J. Montali and Scott B. Citino Dehorning of black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis bicornis) in Namibia / P.vdB. Morkel, L.J. Geldenhuys Mucosal and cutaneous ulcerative syndrome in black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) / Linda Munson The clinical history of the adult female Sumatran rhinoceros, called 'Subur' / C. Furley Perinatal mortality in rhinos / Susan J. Noble and Oliver A. Ryder.
Sabater Pi, Jordi, M. Bermejo, G. Illera, and Joaquim J. Vea. Behavior of bonobos (Pan paniscus) following their capture of monkeys in Zaire: International Journal of Primatology 14(5), October 1993: 797-804, Illustr.
Sabater Pi, Jordi, and Joaquim J. Vea. Comparative inventory of foods consumed by the wild pygmy chimpanzee (Pan paniscus; Mammalia) in the Lilungu-Lokofe region of the Republic of Zaire: Journal of African Zoology 108(4), 19 October 1994: 381-396, Illustr.
———. Densidad y entorno ecologico del chimpance bonobo (Pan paniscus) de la region de Lilungu (distrito de Ikela), Zaire: informe preliminar: Anon. 3er Congreso Nacional De Etologia 24/27 Septiembre 1990. Facultad De Biologia, Universidad De Leon, Leon. 1990: 1-410. Chapter Pagination: 301-308, Illustr.
———. Nest-building and population estimates of the bonobo from the Lokofe-Lilungu-Ikomaloki region of Zaire: Primate Conservation 11, December 1990: 43-48, Illustr.
Saltonstall, Kristin, G. Amato, and J. Powell. 1998. Mitochondrial Dna Variability in Grauer's Gorillas of Kahuzi-Biega National Park. Journal of Heredity 89, no. 2: 129-35.
Abstract: Eastern lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla graueri) are the least studied of the three gorilla subspecies, particularly at the molecular level. We sequenced an internal region of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit II (COII) region and a hypervariable portion of the mitochondrial DNA control region (D-loop) from wild gorillas in both the montane and lowland habitats of Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo, All individuals (n = 38) were identical at the COII region; this sequence indicates that diagnostic sites previously suggested for gorilla subspecies may be valid. Low variability was found within the D-loop region from a subset of the individuals (n = 15) sequenced for COII. Haplotype frequencies differed between the two habitats, suggesting a level of population subdivision that may have demographic consequences. These results also support the distinction of two distinct clades of gorillas comprised of western populations (G, g. gorilla) and eastern populations (G. g. graueri and G. g. beringei). Future management of Kahuzi-Biega National Park should ensure that sufficient habitat remains to prevent further genetic isolation of gorillas in the montane section of the park.
Saltonstall, Kristin, G Amato, and J Powell. 1998. Mitochondrial DNA variability in Grauer's gorillas of Kahuzi-Biega National Park. Journal of Heredity.
Abstract: Eastern lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla graueri) are the least studied of the three gorilla subspecies, particularly at the molecular level. We sequenced an internal region of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit II (COII) region and a hypervariable portion of the mitochondrial DNA control region (D-loop) from wild gorillas in both the montane and lowland habitats of Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo. All individuals (n = 38) were identical at the COII region; this sequence indicates that diagnostic sites previously suggested for gorilla subspecies may be valid. Low variability was found within the D-loop region from a subset of the individuals (n = 15) sequenced for COII. Haplotype frequencies differed between the two habitats, suggesting a level of population subdivision that may have demographic consequences. These results also support the distinction of two distinct clades of gorillas comprised of western populations (G. g. gorilla) and eastern populations (G. g. graueri and G. g. beringei). Future management of Kahuzi-Biega National Park should ensure that sufficient habitat remains to prevent further genetic isolation of gorillas in the montane section of the park
———. Mitochondrial DNA variability in Grauer's gorillas of Kahuzi-Biega National Park: Journal of Heredity 89(2), March-April, 1998: 129-135, Illustr.
Saluzzo, J., J. Camicas, C. Chartier, D. Marinez, and J. Digoutte. Le virus de la fievre hemorragique de Crimee-Congo (CCHF) en Mauritanie: Cahiers O.r.s.t.o.m. (Office De La Recherche Scientifique Et Technique Outre-Mer) Serie Entomologie Medicale Et Parasitologie 24(2) 1986: 129-137, Illustr.
Sanders, W. J. Fossil Proboscidea from the Pliocene Lusso Beds of the Western Rift, Zaire: Virginia Museum of Natural History Memoir No. 1 1990: 171-187, Illustr.
Sarmiento, E., Thomas M. Butynski, and J. Kalina. Gorillas of Bwindi-Impenetrable Forest and the Virunga Volcanoes: taxonomic implications of morphological and ecological differences: American Journal of Primatology 40(1) 1996: 1-21, Illustr.
Satterfield, W. C, and K. O'Rourke. Rapid serum tests for adequate transfer of colostral antibody in neonate non-domestic bovids: banteng (Bos banteng); yak (Bos mutus); American bison (Bison bison); Congo buffalo (Syncerus caffer): Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine 12(2) 1981: 31-33, Illustr.
Savage Rumbaugh, E Sue, Shelly L Williams, Takeshi Furuichi, and Takayoshi Kano. Language perceived: Paniscus branches out: Mcgrew, William C.; Marchant, Linda F. & Nishida, Toshisada [Eds]. Great Ape Societies. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York & Melbourne. 1996: I-Xx, 1-328. Chapter Pagination: 173-184, Illustr.
Schaller, G. B. Gorilla: struggle for survival in the Virungas: Aperture, New York. 1989: 1-112, Illustr.
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Schlichte, H. J. The ecology of two groups of blue monkeys, Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni, in an isolated habitat of poor vegetation: Montgomery, G.g. [Ed.] The Ecology of Arboreal Folivores. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.c. 1978: 1-574. Chapter Pagination: 505-517, Illustr.
Schlitter, D. A, L. Robbins W, and S. Williams L. Taxonomic status of dormice (genus Graphiurus) from west and central Africa: Annals of the Carnegie Museum 54(1) 1985: 1-9, Illustr.
Schoeninger, M. J., J. Moore, and J. M. Sept. 1999. Subsistence Strategies of Two "Savanna" Chimpanzee Populations: the Stable Isotope Evidence. American Journal of Primatology 49, no. 4: 297-314.
Abstract: Twenty-two chimpanzee hair samples collected from night nests at two different "savanna" sites were analyzed for carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios represented as delta(13)C and delta(15)N values. The first at Ugalla, Tanzania is a miombo woodland with grass groundcover and small patches of forest. The second at Ishasha, Democratic Republic of the Congo is a habitat composed of riverine gallery forest, semideciduous thicket forest, wooded grassland, and grassland. Based on comparative data from other primates, Ugalla hair delta(13)C values suggest that the chimpanzees are feeding primarily in the woodland rather than in forest patches or on grassland foods (grasses or grammivorous fauna). Similar comparisons indicate that the Ishasha chimpanzees are feeding within the forests and not in more open areas. In addition, the Ugalla chimpanzees had delta(15)N values that indicate extensive ingestion of leguminous flowers, seeds, and/or leaves. The Ishasha samples show a range encompassing three trophic levels. Two samples with the most positive values may indicate a nursing signal or vertebrate-feeding. Three individuals with intermediate values are similar to those in omnivorous nonhuman primate species. The four individuals with the lowest values are very similar to those in herbivorous monkeys. Stable isotope ratios permit time-averaged and habitat-specific dietary comparisons among sites, even without habituation or detailed foraging observations. Am. J. Primatol. 49:297-314, 1999. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Schouteden, Henri. 1944-1947. De zoogdieren van Belgisch-Congo en van Ruanda-Urundi . Annales Du Musée Du Congo Belge. C.-Zoologie. Sér.2. Tervuren, Belgique.
———. 1948. Faune du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi I, mammifères. Annales Du Musée Du Congo Belge, Tervuren (Belgique), Série in 8 . Sciences Zoologiques: Annales Du Musée Royal Du Congo Belge, 1. Tervuren: Musée du Congo Belge.
Schulte, Hermann von Wechlinger. 1917. A note on the lumbar vertebrae of Scutisorex Thomas.American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 37, article 29. New York: American Museum of Natural History.
Schultz, Adolph H. Adolph Hans. 1924. Observations on Colobus fetuses.American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 49 art. 5. New York: American Museum of Natural History.
Sept, J. M. Bone distribution in a semi-arid riverine habitat in eastern Zaire: implications for the interpretation of faunal assemblages at early archaeological sites: Journal of Archaeological Science 21(2), March 1994: 217-235, Illustr.
———. Was there no place like home? A new perspective on early hominid archaeological sites from the mapping of chimpanzee nests: Current Anthropology 34(2) 1992: 187-207, Illustr.
Seyfarth, R. M, D. Cheney L, A. Harcourt H, and K. Stewart J. The acoustic features of gorilla double grunts and their relation to behavior: American Journal of Primatology 33(1) 1994: 31-50, Illustr.
Shea, B. T. Between the gorilla and the chimpanzee: a history of debate concerning the existence of the kooloo-kamba or gorilla-like chimpanzee: Journal of Ethnobiology 4(1) 1984: 1-13, Illustr.
Shepherd, A. J, P. Leman A, and R. Swanepoel. Viremia and antibody response of small African and laboratory animals to Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus infection: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 40(5) 1989: 541-547, Illustr.
Shepherd, A. J., R. Swanepoel, S. P. Shepherd, G. McGillivray, and L. Searle. Antibody to Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in wild mammals from southern Africa: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 36(1) 1987: 133-142, Illustr.
Sholley, C. R. Conserving gorillas in the midst of guerrillas: Aazpa Annual Conference Proceedings 1991 1991: 30-37, Illustr.
Sicotte, P. Inter-group encounters and female transfer in mountain gorillas: influence of group composition on male behavior: American Journal of Primatology 30(1) 1993: 21-36, Illustr.
Singh, B. B, M. Welu, and B. Baderha. Epidemiologie et controle des helminthoses gastrointestinales des caprins de la region de Kabare au Kivu (Zaire): Revue D'elevage Et De Medecine Veterinaire Des Pays Tropicaux 36(2) 1983: 151-156, Illustr.
Singh, B. B, M. Welu, and Y. Makwabily. Epidemiologie de la fasciolose hepatique (Fasciola gigantica) a la ferme laitiere du campus de Lubumbashi (Zaire). Resultats d'essais de deparasitage-recommandations: Revue D'elevage Et De Medecine Veterinaire Des Pays Tropicaux 36(3) 1983: 253-257, Illustr.
Smith, K., and F. Smith. Conserving rhinos in Garamba National Park: Ryder, O.a. [Ed.]. Rhinoceros Biology and Conservation. Proceedings of an International Conference, May 9-11, 1991, San Diego, California, Usa. Zoological Society of San Diego, San Diego. 1993: I-V, 1-368. Chapter Pagination: 166-177, Illustr.
Sondergaard, J. The mysterious okapi.: Naturens Verden 1991(5) 1991: 177-182, Illustr.
———. Okapi - rainforest giraffe.: Kaskelot 94, Maj 1992: 12-21, Illustr.
Sparks, Richard D. Papers concerned with gorillas.
Abstract: Chiefly correspondence between Richard Sparks and a variety of people, mainly from the 1930s, about the proper treatment of gorillas. Of particular concern is the well-being of Ngagi, Mbongo, and Okere, captured by author Martin Johnson in the Belgian Congo, in 1931. Sparks advocates for their scientific study in a zoo rather than becoming a circus sideshow. Chief correspondents are: Mary L. Jobe Akeley, naturalist associated with the American Museum of Natural History; Belle J. Benchley, manager of the Zoological Society of San Diego; and Harold C. Bingham, psychobiologist in the study of gorilla behavior. Other correspondence, magazine articles, and black-and-white photographs are concerned with Congo, a gorilla brought from the Belgian Congo in 1925 by author Ben Burbridge, and studied by Yale University researcher Robert M. Yerkes. Miscellaneous material relates to Carl Akeley's animal sculptures, Theodore Spicer-Simson's medallic art, and other gorillas in captivity
Spinage, C. A. Parks and reserves in Congo Brazzaville: Oryx 15(3) 1980: 292-295, Illustr.
Sprent, J. F A. Ascaridoid nematodes of sirenians - a new species in the Senegal manatee: Journal of Helminthology 57(1) 1983: 69-76, Illustr.
Stephan, H., Mubalamata Kabongo Ka, and M. Stephan. The brain of Micropotamogale ruwenzorii (de Witte and Frenchkop, 1955): Zeitschrift Fuer Saeugetierkunde 51(4) 1986: 193-204, Illustr.
Stewart, K. J. Gorilla tourism: a reply to Zaire: Gorilla Conservation News 7, August 1993: 12-13.
———. Gorilla tourism: problems of control: Gorilla Conservation News 6, August 1992: 15-16.
Stewart, K. J. Suckling and lactational anoestrus in wild gorillas (Gorilla gorilla): Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 83(2) 1988: 627-634, Illustr.
Stewart, K. J, and A. Harcourt H. Gorillas' vocalizations during rest periods: signals of impending departure?: Behaviour 130(1-2), August 1994: 29-40, Illustr.
Stewart, K. J., A. H. Harcourt, and David P. Watts. Determinants of fertility in wild gorillas and other Primates: Diggory, P., Potts, M. & Teper, S. [Eds]. Natural Human Fertility. Social and Biological Determinants. Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Annual Symposium of the Eugenics Society, London, 1986. Macmillan Press, Basingstoke, England. 1988: I-Xix, 1-201. Chapter Pagination: 22-38, Illustr.
Stott, K. W Jr. Roar of the gentle giant: Pacific Discovery 33(2) 1980: 10-15, Illustr.
Stuart, Chris. 1997. Field guide to the larger mammals of Africa.Tilde Stuart. Cape Town: Struik.
Susman, R. L. Acrobatic pygmy chimpanzees: Natural History 89(9) 1980: 32-39, Illustr.
Susman, R. L. The locomotor behavior of Pan paniscus in the Lomako Forest: Susman, R.l. [Ed.] The Pygmy Chimpanzee Evolutionary Biology and Behavior. Plenum Press, New York & London. 1984: Vii-Xxviii, 1-435. Chapter Pagination: 369-393, Illustr.
Susman, R. L., N. Badrian, and A. Badrian. Locomotor behavior of Pan paniscus in Zaire: American Journal of Physical Anthropology 53(1) 1980: 69-80, Illustr.
Susman, R. L, N. Badrian, A. Badrian, and N. Handler T. Pygmy chimpanzees in peril: Oryx 16(2) 1981: 179-183, Illustr.
Suzuki, Sigeru, Suehisa Kuroda, and T Nishihara. 1995. Tool-set for termite-fishing by chimpanzees in the Ndoki Forest, Congo. Behaviour 132, no. (3-4), March 1995: 219-35, Illustr.
Abstract: Observations strongly indicate chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) of the Ndoki forest use two types of tools, 'perforating sticks' and 'fishing probes' in combination for termite (Macrotermes muelleri) fishing. Perforating sticks were always made of small, stout branches or young saplings of Thomandersia laurifolia (Acanthaceae), about 10 mm in diameter, with lengths of about 50 cm. Fishing probes were made from the flexible stems of Marantaceae species, and were about five mm in diameter, with lengths of about 50 cm. Approximately 15 cm of one end of the tool was usually shaped into a brush. It is likely that chimpanzees make small holes in the termite mound wall to attain access into the termite nest inside, then they insert the probe into the holes and cat the major and minor soldier termites which bite the brush-like end. Of 214 chimpanzee feces collected, 50% contained termite remains of this species, and this fecal analysis shows that termite-eating behavior occurred all the year around, and did not correspond to the seasonality of rainfall or termite activity on the ground. Chimpanzees in the Ndoki forest seem to be able to obtain termites from the deep subterranean nest throughout the year by using their tool-set. Such a tool-set might be responsible for the higher frequency of termite-eating in Ndoki chimpanzees than those of chimpanzees in other sites who fish for termites using only probes. This newly described behavior shows that chimpanzees habitually manipulate a tool on an object which they previously modified with another type of tool
Swanepoel, R. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever: Palmer, S.r.; Lord Soulsby & Simpson, D.i.h. [Eds]. Zoonoses: Biology, Clinical Practice, and Public Health Control. Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York Etc. 1998: I-Xix, 1-948. Chapter Pagination: 311-317.
Swanepoel, R., J. Struthers, A. J. Shepherd, G. McGillivray, M. Nel, and P. Jupp. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in South Africa: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 32(6) 1983: 1407-1415, Illustr.
Sylla, M., J. P. Cornet, and B. Marchand. 1997. Description of Alectorobius (Reticulinasus) Camicasi Sp. Nov. (Acari : Ixodoidea : Argasidae), a Parasite of Fruit Bats Rousettus Aegyptiacus Occidentalis in Senegal. Acarologia 38, no. 3: 239-54.
Abstract: A new tick species - Alectorobius (Reticulinasus) camicasi n. sp., a parasite of fruit bats, Rousettus aegyptiacus occidentalis, in Senegal - is described. This new species is based on laboratory reared males, females, nymphs and larvae. Alectorobius (Reticulinasus) camicasi n. sp. is closely related to the two other African species: Alectorobius (Reticulinasus) salahi (Hoogstraal, 1953), a parasite of the fruit bat Rousettus aegyptiacus (Geoffroy) in Egypt; and Alectorobius (Reticulinasus) faini (Hoogstraal, 1960), a parasite of Rousettus leachii (Smith) in the Congo. The new Senegalese species is easily distinguished from the Egyptian species by shape of dorsal surface of idiosoma of adults, coral setae and hypostomal formula of the larva. It is very similar to the Congolese species, but differs from it by the appearance of the antero-dorsal surface-of idiosoma of male, and by the hypostomal formula, dorsal plate, length of fourth palpal article, and the position and distance between some setae of the larva.
Takahata, Yukio, Hiroshi Ihobe, and Gen'ichi Idani. Comparing copulations of chimpanzees and bonobos: do females exhibit proceptivity or receptivity?: Mcgrew, William C.; Marchant, Linda F. & Nishida, Toshisada [Eds]. Great Ape Societies. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York & Melbourne. 1996: I-Xx, 1-328. Chapter Pagination: 146-155, Illustr.
Takeda, Jun. The Ngandu as hunters in the Zaire River Basin: African Study Monographs Supplementary Issue 23, October, 1996: 1-61, Illustr.
Takehisa, J., B. Bikandou, E. Ido, I. Mboudjeka, R. M'vouenze, M. Y. Nzoukoudi, Y. Harada, Y. Yamaguchi-Kabata, T. Miura, M. M'pandi, H. J. Parra, P. M'pele, and M. Hayami. 1999. Natural Infection of Chimpanzees With New Lentiviruses Related to Hiv-1/Sivcpz. Journal of Medical Primatology 28, no. 4-5: 169-73.
Abstract: To determine newly identified lentiviruses, termed simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)cpz97CG4 and SIVcpz97CG6. from two wild-captured juvenile brother chimpanzees in the Republic of Congo, subgenomic pol (integrase, 288 bp), 5'tat/rev-env C1 (including vpu, 354 bp) and env (C2-C4, 544 bp) gene fragments were amplified and sequenced. The analysis revealed significantly discordant phylogenetic positions of SIVcpz97CG in each genomic region. In the trees derived from partial env sequences (V3), both SIVcpz strains clustered in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype A. However. in the trees derived from partial pol (integrase) and 5'tat/rev-env C1 (including vpu) sequences, they clustered independently from any of the known HIV-1 subtypes. Especially, in the 5'tat/rev-vpu tree, they branched before the root of HIV-1 group M. These findings suggest that these Congolese SIVcpz genomes are mosaic, probably due to a recombinational event in the recent past, and it provides evidence for a rather recently occurring cross-species transmission between humans and chimpanzees.
Tappen, M. Savanna ecology and natural bone deposition: implications for early hominid site formation, hunting, and scavenging: Current Anthropology 36(2), April 1995: 223-260, Illustr.
Thenius, E. Das Okapi (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) - ein sekundarer Urwaldbewohner: Anzeiger Der Oesterreichischen Akademie Der Wissenschaften Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 128 1991[1992]: 25-30, Illustr.
———. Das Okapi (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) von Zaire - 'lebendes Fossil' oder sekundarer Urwaldbewohner?: Zeitschrift Fuer Zoologische Systematik Und Evolutionsforschung 30(3), September 1992: 163-179, Illustr.
Thomas, Oldfield, and R. C Wroughton. 1910. Mammalia. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London. London, London: Printed for the Society, sold at their house in Hanover Square. Sold by Messrs Longmans, Green, and co.
Thomas, S. C. Population densities and patterns of habitat use among anthropoid Primates of the Ituri Forest, Zaire: Biotropica 23(1) 1991: 68-83, Illustr.
Thompson Handler, N., R. Malenky K, and N. Badrian. Sexual behavior of Pan paniscus under natural conditions in the Lomako Forest, Equateur, Zaire: Susman, R.l. [Ed.] The Pygmy Chimpanzee Evolutionary Biology and Behavior. Plenum Press, New York & London. 1984: Vii-Xxviii, 1-435. Chapter Pagination: 347-368, Illustr.
Thorpe, J. Accidents and serious incidents to civil aircraft due to birdstrikes: Harrison, M.j., Gauthreaux, S.a. Jr, & Abron-Robinson, L.a. Wildlife Hazards to Aircraft. Conference and Training Workshop. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia & Microinfo Limited, Alton, Hampshire. 1984: 1-379. Chapter Pagination: 25-35, Illustr.
Till, W. M. Two new parasitic mites from mammals in central Africa (Acarina: Mesostigmata: Laelapidae and Macronyssidae): Revue De Zoologie Africaine 96(3) 1982: 522-528, Illustr.
Tutin, C. E G, and R. Oslisly. Homo, Pan and Gorilla: co-existence over 60 000 years at Lope in central Gabon: Journal of Human Evolution 28(6), June 1995: 597-602.
Tuttle, R. H., and David P. Watts. The positional behavior and adaptive complexes of Pan gorilla: Kondo, S. [Ed.] Primate Morphophysiology, Locomotor Analyses and Human Bipedalism. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo. 1985: I-Sv, 1-303. Chapter Pagination: 261-288, Illustr.
Uchida, Akiko. Variation in tooth morphology of Gorilla gorilla: Journal of Human Evolution 34(1), January, 1998: 55-70, Illustr.
Uchikawa, K. Bewsiella Domrow (Acarina: Mesostigmata): a revision and the description of new species: Systematic Parasitology 24(2), February 1993: 81-97, Illustr.
———. Mites of the genera Calcarmyobia and Pteracarus (Trombidiformes, Myobiidae) parasitic on Miniopterus (Chiroptera): Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses 55(1) 1982: 32-45, Illustr.
Uehara, S. Grouping patterns of wild pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus) observed at a marsh grassland amidst the tropical rain forest of Yalosidi, Republic of Zaire: Primates 29(1) 1988: 41-52, Illustr.
———. Utilization patterns of a marsh grassland within the tropical rain forest by the bonobos (Pan paniscus) of Yalosidi, Republic of Zaire: Primates 31(3) 1990: 311-322, Illustr.
van Damme, L. R, and J. Vandepitte. Isolation of Edwardsiella tarda and Plesiomonas shigelloides from mammals and birds in Zaire: Revue D'elevage Et De Medecine Veterinaire Des Pays Tropicaux 37(2) 1984: 145-151, Illustr.
van der Straeten, E., and F. Dieterlen. Craniometrical comparison of four populations of Praomys jacksoni captured at different heights in eastern Zaire (Kivu): Mammalia 56(1) 1992: 125-131, Illustr.
———. Praomys misonnei, a new species of Muridae from eastern Zaire (Mammalia): Stuttgarter Beitraege Zur Naturkunde Serie a (Biologie) No. 402 1987: 1-11, Illustr.
van der Straeten, E., and A. Dudu M. Systematics and distribution of Praomys from the Masako Forest Reserve (Zaire) with the description of a new species: Peters, G. & Hutterer, R. [Eds]. Vertebrates in the Tropics. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Vertebrate Biogeography and Systematics in the Tropics, Bonn, June 5-8, 1989. Alexander Koenig Zoological Research Institute and Zoological Museum, Bonn. 1990: 1-424. Chapter Pagination: 73-83, Illustr.
Van Elsacker, L. In the name of our ancestors and descendants...: Zoo Anvers Planckendael 62(3), Janvier 1997: 18-23, Illustr.
Van Leeuwe, H., and Annie Gautier Hion. 1998. Forest Elephant Paths and Movements at the Odzala National Park, Congo: the Role of Clearings and Marantaceae Forests. African Journal of Ecology 36, no. 2: 174-82.
Abstract: The role of forest clearings and Marantaceae forest on elephant movement at the Odzala National Park was studied by describing and mapping elephant paths. Three types of paths were distinguished based on their direction, length, width, elephant activity and the types of forests they cross. They were called boulevards, foraging paths, and clearing alleys. All paths explored were heavily used. Boulevards are used for travelling over long distances (up to 34 km) and for linking up rapidly favourite sites such as clearings. Foraging paths mainly run through the medium-density Marantaceae forests which provide elephants with both herbaceous foods and tree fruit. Clearing alleys form a dense network of tracks around clearings. This network could be a result of an anti-predatory monitoring behaviour of elephants before entering the clearings where they have long experienced heavy poaching. The heavy trampling which results from the elephant activity could contribute to the maintenance of clearings by preventing germination and seedling survival of the numerous seeds dispersed in their dung.
van Neer, W. Analyse de la faune trouvee dans les tombes de l'Age du Fer dans la depression de l'Upemba, Zaire: Revue De Zoologie Africaine 92(3) 1978: 703-710, Illustr.
———. Faunal remains from Matupi Cave, an Iron Age and Late Stone Age site in northeastern Zaire: Mededelingen Van De Koninklijke Academie Voor Wetenschappen Letteren En Schone Kunsten Van Belgie Klasse Der Wetenschappen 46(2) 1984: 57-76, Illustr.
———. Presence of black rhinoceros in the Holocene of the People's Republic of Congo: Revue De Zoologie Africaine 101(2) 1987: 295-299, Illustr.
van Neer, W., and R. Lanfranchi. Une association de faune et d'industrie du Tshitolien (Age recent de la Pierre, 7000 B.P.) dans l'abri de Ntadi Yomba (region du Niari) en R.P. du Congo. Elements nouveaux pour un essai de reconstitution du paysage congolais a cette epoque: Comptes Rendus De L'academie Des Sciences Serie Ii Mecanique-Physique-Chimie Sciences De L'univers Sciences De La Terre 302(13) 1986: 831-834, Illustr.
van Rompaey, H. Osbornictis piscivora: Mammalian Species No. 309 1988: 1-4, Illustr.
van Rompaey, H., and M. Colyn. Crossarchus ansorgei: Mammalian Species No. 402 1992: 1-3, Illustr.
Vanleeuwe, Hilde, Simona Cajani, and Annie Gautier Hion. 1998. Large Mammals at Forest Clearings in the Odzala National Park, Congo. Revue D Ecologie-La Terre Et La Vie 53, no. 2: 171-80.
Abstract: After having been located on maps, 36 forest clearings were explored and the presence of large mammals was recorded in the Northern area of the Pare National d'Odzala, Congo. 13 species of large mammals were observed. Elephants, buffaloes, gorillas, sitatungas, bongos, forest hogs, and giant forest hogs were the most common visitors. At the Maya Nord clearing, the rates of presence of buffaloes, elephants and gorillas were particularly high (71%, 37% and 34% of the observation time respectively) while a group of sitatungas was resident.Differences in the rates of clearing frequentation was found to result from several factors including the past hunting pressure on elephants. Forest clearings constitute an important food source for large mammals which enter clearings for mineral salts contained in soil, water and herbaceous vegetation. They are of great value to maintain the population densities of mammals as well as to develop ecotourism. However, they are also ideal sites for ivory poaching. The richest clearings we explored are not included within the limits of the park: extending these boundaries is a priority.
———. Large mammals at forest clearings in the Odzala National Park, Congo: Revue D'ecologie La Terre Et La Vie 53(2), Avril-Juin, 1998: 171-180, Illustr.
Vanleeuwe, Hilde, and Annie Gautier Hion. Forest elephant paths and movements at the Odzala National Park, Congo: the role of clearings and Marantaceae forests: African Journal of Ecology 36(2), June, 1998: 174-182, Illustr.
Vanleeuwe, Hilde, Annie Gautier Hion, and Simona Cajani. Forest clearings and the conservation of elephants (Loxodonta africana cyclotis) in north-east Congo Republic: Pachyderm 24, Jul-Dec, 1997: 46-52, Illustr.
Vanoverstraeten, M., J. van Gysel, P. Tassy, B. Senut, and M. Pickford. Decouverte d'une molaire elephantine dans le Pliocene de la region d'Ishasha, Parc national des Virunga, sud du lac Edouard, Province du Kivu, Zaire: Comptes Rendus De L'academie Des Sciences Serie Ii Mecanique-Physique-Chimie Sciences De L'univers Sciences De La Terre 311(7) 1990: 887-892, Illustr.
Vea, Joaquim J, and Jordi Sabater Pi. Spontaneous pointing behaviour in the wild pygmy chimpanzee (Pan paniscus): Folia Primatologica 69(5), September-October, 1998: 289-290.
Veit, P. G. Gorilla society: Natural History 91(3) 1982: 48-59, Illustr.
Verheyen, R. 1951. Contribution à l'étude éthologique des mammifères du Parc national de l'Upemba. Bruxelles: Institut des parcs nationaux du Congo belge.
Verheyen, W. N. 1957. Bijdrage tot de Craniometrie van Colobus badius (Kerr 1792). Annales Du Musée Royal Du Congo Belge, d. 62. Tervuren: Musée Royal du Congo Belge.
Verheyen, W. N, M. Colyn, and J. Hulselmans. Re-evaluation of the Lophuromys nudicaudus Heller, 1911 species-complex with a description of a new species from Zaire (Muridae - Rodentia): Bulletin De L'institut Royal Des Sciences Naturelles De Belgique Biologie 66 1996: 241-273, Illustr.
Verschuren, J. L'action des elephants et des hippopotames sur l'habitat, au Parc National des Virunga, Zaire. Evolution chronologique de leurs populations: Bulletin De L'institut Royal Des Sciences Naturelles De Belgique Biologie 57 1987: 5-16, Illustr.
———. Burundi and wildlife: problems of an overcrowded country: Oryx 14(3) 1978: 237-240, Illustr.
———. Les habitats et la grande faune: evolution et situation recente: Exploration Du Parc National Des Virunga 29 1993: 1-133, Illustr.
———. Habitats, mammiferes et conservation du Congo: Bulletin De L'institut Royal Des Sciences Naturelles De Belgique Biologie 59 1989: 169-179, Illustr.
———. Liste commentee des mammiferes des Parcs Nationaux du Zaire, du Rwanda et du Burundi: Bulletin De L'institut Royal Des Sciences Naturelles De Belgique Biologie 57 1987: 17-39, Illustr.
———. Notes d'ecologie, principalement des mammiferes, du Mont Nimba (Liberia): Bulletin De L'institut Royal Des Sciences Naturelles De Belgique Biologie 56 1986: 27-43, Illustr.
———. Notes sur la distribution geographique et la situation actuelle de l'okapi, Okapia johnstoni: Acta Zoologica Et Pathologica Antverpiensia No. 71 1978: 15-29, Illustr.
———. Observations des habitats et de la faune apres soixante ans de conservation: Exploration Du Parc National Des Virunga 26 1986: 1-44, Illustr.
———. Que sont devenus les fameux parcs nationaux de Zaire e du Rwanda: Parcs Nationaux 45(1) 1990: 16-29, Illustr.
———. Relations entre la faune, principalement les vertebres superieurs, et les eaux thermales: Exploration Du Parc National Des Virunga 26 1986: 1-19, Illustr.
———. Une revelation: les parcs nationaux du Zaire: Courrier De La Nature 139, Mai-Juin 1993: 28-33, Illustr.
Verschuren, J., and Mankota ma Mbaelele. Un anniversaire majeur: les parcs nationaux du Zaire ont soixante-cinq ans. Perspectives d'avenir: Africa-Tervuren 32(1-4) 1990: 2-9, Illustr.
Verschuren, Jacques. 1968. Mourir pour les éléphants vingt années d'étude et de protection des grands animaux sauvages. Bruxelles: L. Cuypers.
von Richter, W., J. Hart, T. Hart, A. Blom, M. Alers P T, F. Germi, R. Minne, K. Smith, F. Smith, and J. Verschuren. Zaire: East, R. Antelopes. Global Survey and Regional Action Plans. Part 3. West and Central Africa. Iucn, Gland, Switzerland. 1990: I-Iv, 1-171. Chapter Pagination: 126-138, Illustr.
Watson, R. King Leopold's elephants: New Scientist 128 Nos 1748-1749 1990: 25-27, Illustr.
Watts, David P. Agonistic interventions in wild mountain gorilla groups: Behaviour 134(1-2), February 1997: 23-57, Illustr.
Watts, David P. Agonistic relationships between female mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei): Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 34(5), May 1994: 347-358, Illustr.
———. Ant eating behavior of mountain gorillas: Primates 30(1) 1989: 121-125.
———. Effects of mountain gorilla foraging activities on the productivity of their food plant species: African Journal of Ecology 25(3) 1987: 155-163, Illustr.
———. Environmental influences on mountain gorilla time budgets: American Journal of Primatology 15(3) 1988: 195-211, Illustr.
———. Infanticide in mountain gorillas: new cases and a reconsideration of the evidence: Ethology 81(1) 1989: 1-18, Illustr.
———. The influence of male mating tactics on habitat use in mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei): Primates 35(1), January 1994: 35-47, Illustr.
Watts, David P. Long-term habitat use by mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei). 1. Consistency, variation, and home range size and stability: International Journal of Primatology 19(4), August, 1998: 651-680, Illustr.
———. Long-term habitat use by mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei). 2. Reuse of foraging areas in relation to resource abundance, quality, and depletion: International Journal of Primatology 19(4), August, 1998: 681-702, Illustr.
Watts, David P. Social relationships of immigrant and resident female mountain gorillas. 1. Male-female relationships: American Journal of Primatology 28(3) 1992: 159-181, Illustr.
———. Social relationships of immigrant and resident female mountain gorillas, 2: relatedness, residence, and relationships between females: American Journal of Primatology 32(1) 1994: 13-30, Illustr.
———. Strategies of habitat use by mountain gorillas: Folia Primatologica 56(1) 1991[1990]: 1-16, Illustr.
Weber, A. W., and Amy Vedder. Population dynamics of the Virunga gorillas: 1959-1978: Biological Conservation 26(4) 1983: 341-366, Illustr.
Weber, Neal A. Neal Albert, Murl Deusing, James L. James Lippitt Clark, and American Museum of Natural History. 1947-1948. Central African Expedition. Central African Expedition of the American Museum of Natural History (1947-1948). 1 videocassette (500 min.) : si., col. ; 3/4 in. New York: American Museum of Natural History.
Abstract: Filmed during AMNH Central African Expedition, 1948. The film material taken on the AMNH Central African Expedition, 1947-1948, is unedited, raw footage. The five-month-long expedition, led by James Lippitt Clark, AMNH director of preparation and installation, is well-documented in field notes and reports. It is not reflected in the film that the expedition moved haphazardly back and forth among the countries visited: Kenya, Uganda, Belgian Congo (now Zaire), and French Equatorial Africa (now Chad, Gabon, Congo, and the Central African Republic). Because the material is so random, it is described here by subject matter. A control file in the AMNH Film Archives correlates this material to shot-by-shot descriptions of the film. The material was filmed by Murl Deusing, who also worked on the Walt Disney nature films of the 1950s. Views of the following birds are included: weaverbirds (nest building); white-backed vultures and Ruppell's vultures (gliding on air currents and feeding); ostriches (running); rory bustards (feeding); crowned cranes (feeding and long shot of courtship display); ground hornbills (feeding); flamingoes; hawks; kites; hammerheads; cattle egrets; pelicans; cormorants; anhingas; white storks (European birds wintering in Africa); marabou storks (feeding); and geese. Because the material is poorly organized and unedited, bird footage from other films in the Archives would better serve the researcher. The footage of mammals includes several scenes filmed at the Government Elephant Training Center in Cangara Na Bodia, Belgian Congo (now Zaire), where young elephants are domesticated and trained: the elephants are corralled, fed and bathed; one juvenile elephant is laid down with great difficulty and given topical medication. There are also many scenes of a wide variety of animals grazing in the plains. Other mammals seen are: hippopotamuses, defassa waterbucks, impalas, Ankole cattle, hyenas, L'Hoest's monkeys, Thomson's gazelles, wildebeests, zebras, topis (some aggressive behavior), goats, cape eland, colobus monkeys, vervet monkeys, kob, blackbacked and sidestriped jackals, giraffes, warthogs, Cape buffaloes, bat-eared foxes, lions, black rhinoceroses, oryx, hartebeests, southern reedbucks, and dikdiks. The African peoples included in the film are Masai, Nandi, Mbuti (i.e. Bambuti), Zande, N'Sakkara, with some unidentified people in Zaire and some others who apear to be Mangbetu. Among the Masai in Kajiado, Kenya, moran (warriors) participate in mock fights with shields and spears. Activities such as bleeding cattle, milking cows and tending goats in a small enclosure are seen, as well as close-ups of individuals and views of children, dung-plastered dwellings and an entire manuatta (homestead). Also in Kenya, Nandi harvest maize and thatch a barn roof. In the Ituri Forest and in nearby Beni, Belgian Congo (now Zaire), Mbuti (i.e. Bambuti) make bark cloth, prepare arrows, carry nets and spears, smoke, dance, cook, and shoot bows and arrows. Their leaf-covered beehive dwellings, mothers with babies, and close-ups of individuals are also seen. People of an unidentified tribe fish with huge cone-shaped nets at Stanley Falls (Boyoma Falls) in the Congo River near Stanleyville (Kisangani); one man wears a feather headdress, leather armlets, cloth breechclout, and a necklace made from big cats' teeth. Mangbetu (probaby) people with elongated heads (formed by binding the heads of infants to create a long narrow skull) in the Belgian Congo (now Zaire) are also seen. The next section of the film depicts peoples of what is now the Central African Republic and was then part of French Equatorial Africa. Natives of the village of Birao use a huge mortar and pestle; also seen are their cone on cylinder houses, some with animal paintings on the stucco walls, and personal adornment including beaded hairdresses (close-ups), nose and ear ornaments, cicatrices, and coin necklaces. Zande people near Zamio process cassava from root to flour (close-ups), use mortar and pestle; and Zande men weave mats (close-ups) and Zande women wear leaves and cloth pelvic aprons. N'Sakkara people of Bangassou thatch a roof, carve a wooden bowl, play bao or a similar board game, strip reeds for weaving, make a storage basket, play with a hoop, make mats, plaster a house, use mortar and pestle, grind grain into flour between two stones, make jewelry, work wood with a lathe, and winnow and grind termites for food. Neal Albert Weber, the expedition's entomologist, conducted extensive research in the field; footage of his study of ants and termites comprise a large part of this film. Weber himself appears in the film sucking up ants and termites with a hose, collecting others with a funnel, and "cooking" them with his fireless cooker. There is also footage of various types of ant nests, bivouacs (large knots of ants clinging to one another), siafu or driver ants (nesting sites, individuals, close-ups, and long shots of marching columns, and large larva sacs), termites (with wings and without) and termite queens, termite nests (on the ground, in thorn trees, opened and unopened gauls or carton nests), stalkeyed flies, cassava grasshoppers (molting, copulating), a scarab beetle, and close-ups of a tree snail and of millipedes. A turtle, a python, and a gold and green frog are also seen.
Westley, William A. 1950. Chimp on my shoulder. 1st ed. ed. New York: Dutton.
White, F. Eros of the apes: Bbc Wildlife 10(8), August 1992: 38-47, Illustr.
———. Activity budgets, feeding behavior, and habitat use of pygmy chimpanzees at Lomako, Zaire: American Journal of Primatology 26(3) 1992: 215-223, Illustr.
White, F. J. Comparative socio-ecology of Pan paniscus: Mcgrew, William C.; Marchant, Linda F. & Nishida, Toshisada [Eds]. Great Ape Societies. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York & Melbourne. 1996: I-Xx, 1-328. Chapter Pagination: 29-41, Illustr.
White, F. J. Ecological correlates of pygmy chimpanzee social structure: Special Publication of the British Ecological Society No. 8 1989: 151-164, Illustr.
———. Party composition and dynamics in Pan paniscus: International Journal of Primatology 9(3) 1988: 179-193, Illustr.
———. Pygmy chimpanzee social organization: variation with party size and between study sites: American Journal of Primatology 26(3) 1992: 203-214, Illustr.
White, F. J. 1998. Seasonality and socioecology: the importance of variation in fruit abundance to bonobo sociality. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY 19, no. (6), December, 1998: 1013-27.
White, F. J. Social organization of pygmy chimpanzees: Heltne, P.g. & Marquardt, L.a. [Eds]. Understanding Chimpanzees. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England. 1989: I-Xviii, 1-407. Chapter Pagination: 194-207, Illustr.
White, F. J, and M. Burgman A. Social organization of the pygmy chimpanzee (Pan paniscus): multivariate analysis of intracommunity associations: American Journal of Physical Anthropology 83(2) 1990: 193-201, Illustr.
White, F. J, and C. Chapman A. Contrasting chimpanzees and bonobos: nearest neighbor distances and choices: Folia Primatologica 63(4), June 1995: 181-191, Illustr.
White, F. J, and A. Lanjouw. Feeding competition in Lomako bonobos: variation in social cohesion: Nishida, T., Mcgrew, W.c., Marler, P., Pickford, M. & De Waal, F.b.m. [Eds]. Topics in Primatology. Volume 1. Human Origins. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo. 1992: I-Ix, 1-475. Chapter Pagination: 67-79, Illustr.
White, F. J, and R. Susman L. Program for the confiscation and protection of contraband pygmy and common chimpanzees in the Republic of Zaire: Primate Conservation No. 7 1986: 59-60, Illustr.
White, F. J, and R. Wrangham W. Feeding competition and patch size in the chimpanzee species Pan paniscus and Pan troglodytes: Behaviour 105(1-2) 1988: 148-164, Illustr.
Wilhelm. 1922. [Bland dvärgar och gorillor. Danish]
Blandt dværge og gorillaer : med den Svenske zoologiske
ekspedition til Central-Afrika, 1921.Svenska zoologiska expeditionen till Centralafrika (1921). Kjøbenhavn: Gyldendalske boghandel, Nordisk forlag.
Wilkie, David S, Bryan Curran, Richard Tshombe, and Gilda A Morelli. Managing bushmeat hunting in Okapi Wildlife Reserve, Democratic Republic of Congo: Oryx 32(2), April, 1998: 131-144, Illustr.
———. Modeling the sustainability of subsistence farming and hunting in the Ituri Forest of Zaire: Conservation Biology 12(1), February, 1998: 137-147, Illustr.
Wilkie, David S., and J. T. Finn. Slash-burn cultivation and mammal abundance in the Ituri Forest, Zaire: Biotropica 22(1) 1990: 90-99, Illustr.
Wilkie, David S., J. Sidle, and G. Boundzanga. Mechanized logging, market hunting, and a bank loan in Congo: Conservation Biology 6(4) 1992: 570-580, Illustr.
Wilson, J. R, and M. Catsis C. A preliminary study of the forests of the 'Itombwe' Mountains and the Kahuzi-Biega National Park extension, east Zaire, July-September 1989: Wwf, Godalming. 1990: I-Iv, 1-53, Illustr.
Wilson, V. J, and B. Wilson L P. La chasse traditionelle et commerciale dans le sud-ouest du Congo: Tauraco Research Report No. 4 1991: 279-289, Illustr.
Won wa Musiti, B. Problems of management of the elephant and considerations on the forests of Central Africa.: Pachyderm 22 1996: 88-91, Illustr.
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Woodford, M. H. Blood characteristics of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana cyclotis): Journal of Wildlife Diseases 15(1) 1979: 111-113, Illustr.
Wrangham, R. W. Ecology and social relationships in two species of chimpanzees: Rubenstein, D.i. & Wrangham, R.w. [Eds]. Ecological Aspects of Social Evolution. Birds and Mammals. Princeton University Press, Princeton. 1986: I-X, 1-551. Chapter Pagination: 352-378, Illustr.
Yamagiwa, J. Activity rhythm and the ranging of solitary male mountain gorilla (Gorilla gorilla beringei): Primates 27(3) 1986: 273-282, Illustr.
———. Diachronic changes in two eastern lowland gorilla groups (Gorilla gorilla graueri) in the Mt. Kahuzi region, Zaire: Primates 24(2) 1983: 174-183, Illustr.
———. Functional analysis of social staring behavior in an all-male group of mountain gorillas: Primates 33(4), October 1992: 523-544, Illustr.
———. Intra- and inter-group interactions of an all-male group of Virunga mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei): Primates 28(1) 1987: 1-30, Illustr.
———. Male life history and the social structure of wild mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei): Kawano, S., Connell, J.h. & Hidaka, T. [Eds]. Evolution and Coadaptation in Biotic Communities. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo. 1987: I-Viii, 1-256. Chapter Pagination: 31-51, Illustr.
———. Present status and conservation of sympatric populations of gorillas and chimpanzees: Primate Research 9(2), October 1993: 195-206, Illustr.
Yamagiwa, J., Tamaki Maruhashi, Y. Hamada, T. Yumoto, and N. Mwanza. On the present status and conservation of Primates inhabiting montane and tropical rain forests in the west of Lake Kivu, Zaire: Primate Research 4(1) 1988: 66-82, Illustr.
Yamagiwa, J., and N. Mwanza. Day-journey length and daily diet of solitary male gorillas in lowland and highland habitats: International Journal of Primatology 15(2), April 1994: 207-224, Illustr.
Yamagiwa, J., N. Mwanza, A. Spangenberg, Tamaki Maruhashi, T. Yumoto, A. Fischer, and B. Steinhauer Burkart. A census of the eastern lowland gorillas Gorilla gorilla graueri in Kahuzi-Biega National Park with reference to mountain gorillas G. g. beringei in the Virunga region, Zaire: Biological Conservation 64(1) 1993: 83-89, Illustr.
Yamagiwa, J., N. Mwanza, A. Spangenberg, Tamaki Maruhashi, T. Yumoto, A. Fischer, B. Steinhauer Burkart, and J. Refisch. Population density and ranging pattern of chimpanzees in Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Zaire: a comparison with a sympatric population of gorillas: African Study Monographs 13(4), December 1992: 217-230, Illustr.
Yamagiwa, J., N. Mwanza, T. Yumoto, and Tamaki Maruhashi. Ant eating by eastern lowland gorillas: Primates 32(2) 1991: 247-253, Illustr.
———. Seasonal changes in the composition of the diet of eastern lowland gorillas: Primates 35(1), January 1994: 1-14, Illustr.
———. Travel distances and food habits of eastern lowland gorillas: a comparative analysis: Itoigawa, N., Sugiyama, Y., Sackett, G.p. & Thompson, R.k.r. [Eds]. Topics in Primatology. Volume 2. Behavior, Ecology and Conservation. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo. 1992: I-Ix, 1-412. Chapter Pagination: 267-281, Illustr.
Yamagiwa, J., T. Yumoto, Tamaki Maruhashi, and N. Mwanza. Field methodology for analyzing diets of eastern lowland gorillas in Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Zaire: Tropics 2(4), November 1993: 209-218, Illustr.
Yamagiwa, J., T. Yumoto, M. Ndunda, and Tamaki Maruhashi. Evidence of tool-use of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) for digging out a bee-nest in the Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Zaire: Primates 29(3) 1988: 405-411, Illustr.
Yamagiwa, Juichi. 1999. Socioecological Factors Influencing Population Structure of Gorillas and Chimpanzees. Primates 40, no. 1: 87-104.
Abstract: Differences in distribution and density between gorillas and chimpanzees are reconsidered with special reference to population structure. Both ecological and social factors influencing population structure are compared between species and between habitats within species. Gorillas and chimpanzees respond differently to a decline in food quality, such as fruit scarcity: gorillas change diet and decrease range, while chimpanzees do not change diet but may expand range. These responses result in different effects on their grouping patterns. For gorillas the dispersed distribution and reduction of range size decreases the rate of inter-unit encounters and female transfer. The concentration of social units increases the rate of aggressive contact between units and stimulates female transfer. Social units of gorillas may crowd or disperse in order to attain the optimal density. This tendency may result in similar densities of gorillas across habitats. By contrast, the distribution patterns or range size may not affect inter-unit relationships of chimpanzees. Within a single unit-group, various reproductive strategies are adopted by both sexes. Independent travel of females and flexible grouping patterns enable them to survive at very low density in extraordinary large ranges. Density and inter-unit relationships are good criteria for a healthy population of gorillas, while the size of unit-group and inter-individual relationships are good criteria for chimpanzees. Conservation planners should consider these differences for sympatric and allopatric survival in these species.
Yamagiwa, Juichi, Tamaki Maruhashi, Takakazu Yumoto, and N. Mwanza. Dietary and ranging overlap in sympatric gorillas and chimpanzees in Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Zaire: Mcgrew, William C.; Marchant, Linda F. & Nishida, Toshisada [Eds]. Great Ape Societies. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York & Melbourne. 1996: I-Xx, 1-328. Chapter Pagination: 82-98, Illustr.
Yasui, K., Y. Kunimatsu, N. Kuga, B. Bajope, and H. Ishida. Fossil mammals from the Neogene strata in the Sinda basin, eastern Zaire: African Study Monographs Supplementary Issue No. 17 1992: 87-107, Illustr.
Yumoto, T., J. Yamagiwa, N. Mwanza, and T. Maruhashi. List of plant species identified in Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Zaire: Tropics 3(3-4), March 1994: 295-308, Illustr.
Yumoto, Takakazu, T. Maruhashi, Juichi Yamagiwa, and N. Mwanza. Seed-dispersal by elephants in a tropical rain forest in Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Zaire: Biotropica 27(4), December 1995: 526-530, Illustr.
Yumoto, Takakazu, Juichi Yamagiwa, Kazuo Asaoka, T. Maruhashi, and N. Mwanza. How and why has African Solanum chosen the elephants only as the seed disperser?: Tropics 4(2-3), February, 1995: 233-238, Illustr.
Zeller, H. G., J. P. Cornet, A. Diop, and J. Camicas. 1997. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Ticks (Acari : Ixodidae) and Ruminants: Field Observations of an Epizootic in Bandia, Senegal (1989-1992). Journal of Medical Entomology 34, no. 5: 511-16.
Abstract: From 1989 to 1992, a longitudinal study of the relationships between different tick species and domestic ungulates in the transmission and amplification of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus was undertaken in the Bandia area in Senegal where the presence of the virus had been reported previously. An epizootic occurred in 1991-1992 and 22 strains of CCHF virus were isolated from Hyalomma marginatum rufipes Koch, Amblyomma variegatum (F.), Rhipicephalus guilhoni Morel & Vassiliades, and R. evertsi evertsi Neumann ticks collected from cattle and goats. No human cases were reported. Transmission of CCHF virus in the area involves a complicated pattern including many tick species and hosts. Amplicons of the S fragment (536 bp) of the CCHF genome of 12 isolates from the study were obtained by polymerase chain reaction and analyzed by restriction length fragment polymorphism. Three different genotypes of CCHF virus were identified and present during the epizootic. One genotype was recovered from A. variegatum, R. guilhoni, and R. e. evertsi and 2 genotypes were isolated from H. m. rufipes.